Lecture 5 chapter 13 Flashcards
where does the spinal cord end
the conus medullaris
why is the conus medullar is important
that’s where a lot of lumbar punctures occur.
___ is unmyelinated and __ is myelinated.
Gray matter, white
where is lateral horn of gray matter found
thoracic region
the ___ is where neurons cross from one side to the other
gray commissure
__ is the site of synapse
gray matter
The __ contains bundles of neurons that travel up and down the spinal cord.
white matter
Sensory neurons go through the __and the motor go through the__
posterior root , anterior
Unipolar neurons are classified with
sensory
If the anterior root of a spinal cord is damaged you will lose __, if the posterior,__
motor skills, sensory
The anterior root does not have a ganglion mostly because they are __- neurons.
multipolar
The ganglion is where all the ___ are located.
cell bodies
The motor neuron cell bodies are found in the___
gray matter
Reflexes are only reacting through the ___ which makes them fast.
gray matter
You can put an ___between the sensory and motor neuron
interneuron
Where the posterior and anterior root merge is the first sign of a ___
spinal nerve.
A tract is a collection of ___ within the __
axons, CNS.
is the cuneate fasciculus ascending or descending
ascending
what columns the cuneate fasciculus found in
the posterior
where does the cuneate fasciculus decuss
in the medulla
what are the functions of the cuneate fasciculus
sensations of limb and trunk position and movement, deep touch, visceral pain and vibration from level T6 and up
is the spinothalamic tract ascending or descending
ascending
what column is the spinothalamic tract found in
lateral and anterior
where does the spinothalamic tract undergo decussation
in the spinal cord
what are the function of the spinothalamic tract
sensations of light touch, tickle, itch, temperature, pain, and pressure
is the posterior spinocerebellar tract ascending or descending
ascending
what column is the posterior spinocerebellar tract found in
lateral
where does decussation occur in the spinocerebellar tract
int does not
what are the functions of the spinocerebellar tract
feedback from muscles (proprioception)
is the lateral corticospinal tract ascending or descending
descending
what column is the lateral corticospinal tract found in
lateral
where does decussation occur in the lateral corticospinal tract
in the medulla
what are the functions of the lateral corticospinal tract
fine control of limbs
is the anterior corticospinal tract ascending or descending
descending
what column is the anterior corticospinal tract found in
the anterior
where does decussation occur in the anterior corticospinal tract
in the spinal cord
what are the functions of the anterior corticospinal tract
fine control of limbs
the ___ deals with T6 and up
cuneate fasciculus
The ___ marks the end of the first order neuron and the beginning of the second order neuron.
synapse
The ___ is a relay center for the cerebrum.
thalamus
For the descending pathway the pathway starts in the
cerebral cortex.
The spinal nerves immediately split into a ___ and an ___
posterior ramus, anterior ramus
The posterior ramus are largely
sensory
The ___ ramus is a little bit bigger than the __ramus.
anterior, posterior
the ___ form intercostal nerves for breathing they are also the nerves in the thoracic region that give rise to the sympathetic chain (sympathetic autonomic anatomy)
anterior ramus
The autonomic motor neurons have the two subclasses of ___and___
parasympathetic, sympathetic
the ___ houses sympathetic autonomic motor neurons and replaces a thoracic plexus
sympathetic trunk
Inside the sympathetic trunk are
communicating rami.
Each plexus is formed by the ___ of each of the spinal nerves that form it.
anterior rami
___are the nerves that innervate the diaphragm.
Phrenic nerves
__ are the first order neurons of the cuneate fasciculus pathway
C5-C8 and T1
The _- is the one that gets pinched during inflammation with carpal tunnel.
median nerve
Damage of the ulnar nerve results in
claw hand.
The radial nerve effects extensors and damage results in
wrist drop
__ innervates the hamstrings group and runs all the way down to the foot.
The sciatic nerve
__ is the collection of nerve roots from L2-S5
the Cauda equina
The cell bodies of outgoing somatic neurons are found in the
anterior horns of gray matter.
Autonomic motor neurons house their cell bodies in the
lateral horns of the gray matter.
First order neurons are___ that transmit impulses from the___receptors to the spinal cord.
unipolar sensory neurons, PNS
in most sensory pathways the second-order neuron will synapse with a third-order neuron in the__ of the brain.
thalamus
In the spinocerebellar pathway, the second-order neuron terminates in the ___ and there is no third-order neuron.
cerebellum
Third-order neurons (if present) will arise from the __ and ascend to the appropriate region of the cerebral cortex.
thalamus
in descending tracts, upper motor neurons travel from the __ of the cerebrum through the brain stem then descend through the white matter columns of the spinal cord.
motor cortex
in descending tracts the upper motor neuron will synapse with a lower motor neuron in the ___in the spinal cord.
anterior horn of the gray matter
___ is damage to the ventral root or horn and prevents nerve impulses from reaching skeletal muscles.
Flaccid paralysis
___ is damage to the upper motor neurons or primary motor cortex
Spastic paralysis
what is paresthesias
loss of sensation
Paraplegia occurs between __ both lower limbs are affected.
T1 and L1
__ occurs at the cervical region and all limbs are affected.
Quadriplegia
__is the paralysis of one side of the body, usually due to brain injury and not injury of spinal cord.
Hemiplegia
__results from destruction of anterior horn motor neurons by poliovirus.
Poliomyelitis
___ is progressive destruction of ventral horn motor neurons and fibers of pyramidal tracts.
Lou Gherig’s disease aka Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or (ALS)
what disease do these symptoms signify: The loss of the ability to speak, swallow, and breathe occurs and death usually occurs within 5 years.
ALS or Lou Gherig’s
A___ is a cordlike organ consisting of parallel bundles of peripheral axons enclosed by successive wrappings of connective tissue.
nerve
___ is the sheet of loose connective tissue and the basal lamina which surrounds the axon and also wraps around the schwann cells.
Endoneurium
___are bundles of axons wrapped in perineurium
Fascicles
___ is a thicker connective tissue layer which surrounds fascicles
Perineurium
The___ is the fibrous sheet that encloses all fascicles to form a nerve and protects the nerve from stretching and injury.
epineurium
__-are clusters of cell bodies in the PNS and are enveloped in endoneurium.
Ganglion
Anterior and posterior roots contain__rootlets
6-8
__-are short and immediately divide into the posterior ramus which innervates muscles and joints of skin and back and the anterior ramus which innervates the anterior and lateral skin and muscles of the trunk and limbs.
Spinal nerves,
From __ the anterior rami form communicating rami and the sympathetic chain ganglion.
T1-L2
The 5 plexuses include
cervical, brachial, lumbar, Sacral, Coccygeal.
The cervical plexus receives fibers from anterior rami of
C1-C5
__- are mixed nerves which innervate the diaphragm, pleura, and the pericardium. They are essential for breathing
The phrenic nerves
__consists of the ventral rami of C5-C8 and most of T1
The brachial plexus
The lumbar plexus is located at the anterior rami of__they are the major branches that innervate the anterior and medial thigh.
L1-L4
The ___ nerve innervates the skin of the thigh, knee, leg, and foot. It also innervates muscles associated with hip flexion and knee extension.
femoral
The sacral plexus is located at the anterior rami of __
L4-L5 and S1-S4.
The __nerve is the longest and thickest nerve in the body. It is a mixed nerve, a combination of the tibial and common fibular nerves.
sciatic
