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TCU A+P > Lecture 5 12b/c > Flashcards

Lecture 5 12b/c Flashcards

1
Q

where does a chemical synapse occur

A

at the neuromuscular junction

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2
Q

a ____ experiences an action potential

A

presynaptic neuron

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3
Q

an action potential comes down an axon, opens ___ gated channels and creates a ___ that causes the vesicles to undergo exocytosis

A

ligand, calcium influx

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4
Q

the more a neuron fires, the more __ is going to influx and more __is going to be released.

A

calcium, neurotransmitter

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5
Q

can synapses be modified anatomically

A

yes

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6
Q

an ___ is a connection between an axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another.

A

axodendritic synapse

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7
Q

Postsynaptic potentials are called

A

graded or local potentials

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8
Q

graded means

A

it could be strong or weak

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9
Q

decremental means

A

it dies out over a period of time

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10
Q

excitatory means __ is going to occur

A

depolarization

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11
Q

the __ is where the axon meet with the soma

A

axon hillock

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12
Q

the ___releases the neurotransmitters at the synapse

A

presynaptic neuron

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13
Q

the ___ has the ligand gated channels and experiences the excitatory postsynaptic potential.

A

postsynaptic neuron

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14
Q

what is the purpose of an action potential occurring at a postsynaptic neuron

A

to release neurotransmitters

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15
Q

anything that’s inhibitory causes

A

hyperpolarization

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16
Q

if the __ and ligand gated __ open in an IPSP this causes ___

A

K+ channels, Cl- channels, hyper polarization

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17
Q

Cl- have a higher concentration in the ___ than the ___

A

ECF, ICF

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18
Q

the ___ rush into the cell to make it less positive during an IPSP

A

chloride ions

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19
Q

___ is the increasing of frequency stimulus

A

temporal summation

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20
Q

___ is when we look at more than one presynaptic neuron

A

spatial summation

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21
Q

can spatial and temporal summation occur at the same time?

A

yes

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22
Q

through ___ you can see summation of EPSPs

A

facilitation

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23
Q

___ a neuron makes it easier to reach threshold

A

facilitating

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24
Q

____ can suppress pain like during childbirth

A

presynaptic inhibition

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25
Q

____ are responsible for depolarization in a neuron

A

voltage gated sodium channels

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26
Q

at the peak of depolarization __ causes repolarization

A

K+ voltage gated channels

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27
Q

is an action potential reversble

A

no

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28
Q

can temporal summation ever override the absolute refractory period?

A

no

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29
Q

what alters the frequency of the action potentials

A

stimulus strength

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30
Q

do all neurons have the same RMB

A

no

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31
Q

what is a motor unit

A

a somatic neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.

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32
Q

what is the difference between the discharge and facilitated zone

A

the discharge zone has more synapses than the facilitated zone.

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33
Q

what his the definition of a synapse

A

a junction that mediates information transfer from one neuron to the next, or from a neuron to an effector cell.

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34
Q

what is the definition of a presynaptic neuron

A

the synapse between two neurons that releases neurotransmitters which influence the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron.

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35
Q

what are the steps to a chemical synapse

A
  1. The presynaptic neuron will undergo an Action Potential
  2. As the action potential arrives at the synaptic knob voltage-gated calcium channels will open, causing calcium influx
  3. Calcium entry induces exocytosis of vesicles containing neurotransmitters
    The greater the stimulus=greater calcium influx- greater neurotransmitter release
  4. Neurotransmitters diffuse through the synaptic cleft and bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. This may be excitatory or inhibitory.
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36
Q

is the effect of a chemical synapse long or short lived

A

short

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37
Q

what are the three ways neurotransmitter effects are terminated

A
  1. Reuptake by astrocytes or the presynaptic terminal
  2. Degradation by enzymes associated with postsynaptic membrane located in the synaptic cleft
  3. And diffusion away from the synapse
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38
Q

___ are the electrical responses of the dendrites and cell body to presynaptic neurons are collectively postsynaptic potentials.

A

postsynaptic potential

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39
Q

where do postsynaptic potentials take place

A

cell body and dendrites

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40
Q

what is the distance traveled of a postsynaptic potentials

A

a short distance, typically to the axon hillock

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41
Q

what is the amplitude of the postsynaptic potentials

A

graded, decremental, excitatory or inhibitory

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42
Q

are postsynaptic potentials reversible

A

yes

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43
Q

what type of channels are involved in postsynaptic potentials

A

ligand gated ion channels, mechanically gated ion channels, or leakage channels

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44
Q

what kind of stimulus are used with postsynaptic potentials

A

neurotransmitters, pressure, light, etc.

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45
Q

is positive feedback present in postsynaptic potentials

A

no

46
Q

where is an action potential located

A

the axon hillock, axon, synaptic knobs

47
Q

what is the distance traveled for a action potential

A

long distance, the entire axon

48
Q

what Isi the amplitude of an action potential

A

“all or nothing” non-decremental, always excitatory

49
Q

are action potentials reversible

A

no

50
Q

what types of channels are involved in action potentials

A

voltage gated ion channels, leakage channels

51
Q

Is positive feedback present in action potentials

A

yes

52
Q

what is resting membrane potential measured as in neurons

A

-70mV

53
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters will bind to and open what in an EPSP

A

ligand gated Na+ and K+ channels

54
Q

in an EPSP the K+ and Na+ channels diffuse simultaneously but __ has a greater electromechanical gradient so the __ is greater than the __ influx

A

Na+, Na+, K+

55
Q

if the wave of depolarization during an EPSP reaches the axon hillock and threshold a __ will occur

A

action potential

56
Q

what is threshold for a neuron

A

-55mV

57
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters are released by

A

presynaptic neurons

58
Q

an inhibitory NT will bind to and open __ in an IPSP

A

ligand gated K+ channels or ligand gated Cl- channels

59
Q

what is summation

A

the cumulative effect of more than one functional mechanism.

60
Q

facilitation occurs due to the

A

summation of subthreshold EPSPs

61
Q

Summation of IPSPs will allow a presynaptic neuron to

A

reduce the sensitivity of a post-synaptic neuron to a threshold-level stimulus.

62
Q

Long-term synaptic potentiation occurs due to

A

a repeated or continuous use of a synapse.

63
Q

Neurotransmitters released by the presynaptic neuron ultimately ___ the number of receptors in the postsynaptic neuron.

A

increase

64
Q

the release of additional neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron__

A

is highly responsible for long-term memory and is associated with phantom pain.

65
Q

If the postsynaptic potential is excitatory and reaches threshold it will travel across the cell body and result in

A

the generation of an action potential at the axon hillock

66
Q

the action potential that occurs within a neuron which is also called

A

nerve impulses in neurons.

67
Q

what is the absolute refractory period

A

immediately following one AP a neuron cannot respond to another stimulus no matter how strong.

68
Q

what is the relative refractory period

A

only strong stimuli can generate an AP. The K+ channels are still open, so it would take a massive amount of depolarization to make the internal environment positive enough to reach threshold.

69
Q

what is neuron coding

A

stimuli such as pressure, sound, and light, are translated to the brain as quantitative information.

70
Q

what are the two ways in which quantitative information is relayed

A
  1. Recruitment of neurons- neurons with lower threshold will respond to weaker stimuli while neurons with higher thresholds will require stronger stimuli.
  2. The stimulus strength alters the frequency of action potentials- high frequency of stimulus=strong stimulus while low frequency of stimulus=weak stimulus.
71
Q

what are neural pools

A

functional groups of neurons that integrate incoming information received from receptors or different neuronal pools and forward the processed information to other destinations.

72
Q

what is the discharge zone

A

are the neurons closest to input fiber. They are more likely to generate impulses because they receive the bulk of synaptic contacts.

73
Q

what is the facilitated zone

A

are the neurons that are farther from the center. They remain facilitated by subthreshold stimuli from the input fiber but will reach threshold due to innervation by other fibers.

74
Q

what are circuits

A

patterns of synaptic connections in neuronal pools.

75
Q

what is serial processing

A

One neuron stimulates the next which stimulates the next and so on. This results in a specific anticipated response.

76
Q

what is he best example of serial processing

A

reflex arcs

77
Q

what is parallel processing

A

One stimulus results in activation of many input pathways which deliver information to many different neural circuits.

78
Q

When Ach binds to certain receptors what kind of effect does it have

A

excitatory OR inhibitory

79
Q

what is adenosine

A

an inhibitory NT that makes you tired

80
Q

___ or __ classification can determine how long an effect is

A

direct or indirect

81
Q

a __ is an example a cholinergic synapse

A

neuromuscular junction

82
Q

___ transmitters us second messenger systems

A

indirect

83
Q

___ are associated with norepinephrine and epinephrine. This is in the ___

A

adrenergic synapses, postsynaptic neuron

84
Q

As a part of the second messenger system neurotransmitters are still

A

opening ligand gated ion channels

85
Q

___ mechanisms have a longer lasting effect because it’s intracellular so you start to activate a lot of intracellular events.

A

indirect

86
Q

__are molecules that are synthesized by a neuron released when a nerve signal reaches an axon terminal and have a specific effect on a receiving cell’s physiology.

A

neurotransmitters

87
Q

the effect of a NT depends on

A

the receptor that it binds to

88
Q

what are the 6 structural classifications of NTs

A
  1. ACh
  2. amino acids
  3. monoamines
  4. neuropeptides
  5. purine
  6. gases and lipids
89
Q

what are the locations and actions of ACh

A

it excited skeletal muscle, inhibits cardiac muscle, and has excitatory and inhibitory effects on smooth muscle and glands depending on location

90
Q

what are the locations and action of Glutamate

A

it accounts for about 75% of al excitatory synaptic transmission in the brain and is involved in learning and memory

91
Q

what are the locations and action of GABA

A

it is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

92
Q

what are the locations and action of norepinephrine

A

sympathetic nervous system, it is involved in dreaming, walking, and mood, excites cardiac muscle, and can excite or inhibit smooth muscle and glands depending not he location

93
Q

what are the locations and action of epinephrine

A

adrenal medulla, effects similar to those of norepinephrine

94
Q

what are the locations and action of dopamine

A

involved in the elevation of mood and control of skeletal muscles

95
Q

what are the locations and action of serotonin

A

secreted by blood platelets and intestinal cells, it is involved in sleepiness, alertness, thermoregulation, and mood

96
Q

what are the locations and action of substance P

A

mediates pain transmission

97
Q

what are the locations and action of enkephalins

A

acts as analgesics by inhibiting substance P, inhibits intestinal mobility, secretion increases sharply in women in labor.

98
Q

the types of amino acids include

A

glutamate and GABA

99
Q

the types of monoamines include

A

norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin

100
Q

the types of neuropeptides include

A

substance P, enkephalins, and beta endorphines

101
Q

what re the locations and actions of beta endorphines

A

suppresses pain, reduces perception off fatigue and may produce runners high in athletes

102
Q

Neuromodulators are released by __ and have long-term effects on groups of neurons rather than quick effects on a single synapse

A

neurons

103
Q

what are some examples of neuromodulators

A
  1. Neuropeptides
  2. Nitric oxide which is excitatory in regions of the CNS, it relaxes smooth muscle and dilates small arteries to increase blood-flow tissues.
  3. Endocannabinoids which are inhibitory through the CNS, associated with memory, appetite and nausea, and are similar to the THC compound in marijuana.
104
Q

direct NTs bind to and open

A

ion channels, are short lived, and ACh and many acids.

105
Q

Indirect NTs induce

A

intracellular second-messenger systems, are longer lasting and have more broad effects.

106
Q

what are some examples of indirect NTs

A

biogenic amines, neuropeptides, and dissolved gases

107
Q

what is an example of a direct excitatory mechanism

A

a cholinergic synapse

108
Q

what are the steps of action in a cholinergic synapse

A
  1. A nerve impulse induces the exocytosis of ACh from the presynaptic neuron.
  2. Empty vesicles are refilled inside the synaptic knob of the presynaptic neuron.
  3. ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific ligand-gated channels on the plasma membrane of the postsynaptic neuron.
  4. The ligand -gated channels are open, causing an influx of Na+ and efflux of K+.
  5. The postsynaptic membrane is depolarized, making an action potential more likely to occur at the axon hillock.
109
Q

what is an example of an inhibitory mechanism

A

GABA-ergic synapse

110
Q

what are the steps of action in a GABA-ergic synapse

A
  1. GABA is exocytosed from the synaptic knob of the presynaptic neuron
  2. GABA diffuses across the synaptic cleft to bind to specific ligand gated ion channels on the plasma membrane of the postsynaptic neurons
  3. The channels open, allowing an influx of Cl- ions in the postsynaptic neuron.
  4. The postsynaptic neuron undergoes hyperpolarization, making an action potential less likely to occur at the axon hillock.
111
Q

what is an example of a indirect excitatory mechanism

A

adrenergic synapse

112
Q

what are the steps of action in an adergenic synapse

A
  1. Norepinephrine (NE) is exocytosed from the presynaptic neuron
  2. NE diffuses across the synaptic cleft to bind to a G Protein-coupled receptor on the plasma membrane of the postsynaptic neuron
  3. The binding of NE to the receptor induces a conformational change, causing it to unbind from the G protein.
  4. The detached G protein moves across the membrane to bind to and activate the enzyme 5. Adenylate Cyclase
  5. Adenylate Cyclase catalyzes a reaction which uses ATP to form cAMP
    cAMP has the ability to alter multiple cellular processes such as
    Open ligand-gated channels to induce depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane
    Activate existing cytoplasmic enzymes to alter cellular metabolism
    Activate transcription factors which bind to DNA in the nucleus, resulting in the production of more enzymes within the cell

TCU A+P (12 decks)

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