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TCU A+P > Chapter 27 > Flashcards

Chapter 27 Flashcards

1
Q

Sexual reproduction is biparental, meaning offspring receives genes from__

A

two parents

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2
Q

is offspring genetically identical too either parent?

A

no

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3
Q

what are sex cells called

A

gametes

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4
Q

gametes are produced by each parent and contain

A

their genetic information

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5
Q

what are the male and female gametes

A

sperm (spermatozoon) and egg (ovum)

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6
Q

gametes combine to form a

A

zygote

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7
Q

what is another name for a fertilized egg

A

zygote

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8
Q

Our cells contain ___ pairs of chromosomes

A

23

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9
Q

__ pairs of autosomes

A

22

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10
Q

_ pairs of sex chromosomes

A

1

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11
Q

the chromosomes are __ for male and __ for female

A

XY, XX

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12
Q

Males produce 1/2 __ carrying sperm and 1/2 __ carrying sperm

A

Y, X

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13
Q

all eggs cary the __ chromosome

A

X

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14
Q

the sex of the child is determined but he type of __

A

sperm that fertilizes the egg

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15
Q

what are autosomes

A

chromosomes that are not your sex chromosomes

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16
Q

what are the functions of the male reproductive system

A

produce sperm and introduce sperm into the female body

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17
Q

what are the functions of the female reproductive system,

A
  1. produces eggs
  2. receives sperm
  3. provides for gametes’ union
  4. harbors fetus
  5. nourishes offspring
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18
Q

what is another name for the primary sex organs

A

gonads

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19
Q

what do the primary sex organs do

A

produce gamete

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20
Q

what are the primary sex organs of the male and females

A

testes and ovaries

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21
Q

what are secondary sex organs

A

organs other than gonads that are necessary for reproduction

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22
Q

what are the secondary sex organs for males

A

system of ducts, glands and penis

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23
Q

what are the secondary sex organs for females

A

uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina receive sperm and harbor developing fetus

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24
Q

what are some intersex conditions

A

Discrepancy between a person’s genotype and their external genitalia
Genotypic sex vs Phenotypic sex

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25
Q

what is the difference between genotypic and phenotypic sex

A

genotypic-chromosomes given during birth

phenotypic- the appearance of one

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26
Q

what are the male external genitalia

A

penis and scrotum

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27
Q

what are the female external genitalia

A
  1. mons pubis
  2. labia majora
  3. labia minora
  4. clitoris
  5. vaginal office
  6. vestibular bulbs
  7. vestibular glands
  8. paraurethral glands
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28
Q

what are the male internal genitalia

A
  1. testes
  2. epididymides
  3. ductus deferentes
  4. seminal vesicles
  5. prostate
  6. bulbourethral glands
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29
Q

what are the female internal genitalia

A
  1. ovaries
  2. uterine tubes
  3. uterus
  4. vagina
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30
Q

what are the telltale signs of androgen-insensitivity syndrom

A

a girl will show all the signs of puberty but fails to menstruate

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31
Q

what causes androgen-insensitivity syndromn

A
  1. presence of testes in the abdomen
  2. Karyotype of XY chromosomes
  3. Testes produce normal male levels of testosterone
  4. Target cells lack receptors for it
  5. No ovaries, uterus, vagina, or menstruation
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32
Q

what are secondary sex characteristics

A

features that appear as sexual maturity is approached and play a role in mate attraction

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33
Q

what are secondary sex characteristics of both sexes

A

Pubic and axillary hair and their associated scent glands, and the pitch of the voice

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34
Q

what is are the secondary sex characteristics of males

A

Facial hair, coarse and visible hair on the torso and limbs, relatively muscular physique

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35
Q

what are the secondary sex characteristics of females

A

Distribution of body fat, breast enlargement, and relatively hairless appearance of the skin

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36
Q

true or false: there is overlap between sexes in the secondary sex characteristics

A

true

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37
Q

true or false: Initially, a fetus is sexually undifferentiated

A

true

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38
Q

when do gonads begin to develop

A

5-6 weeks as gonadal ridges

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39
Q

there are __ sets of ducts adjacent to gonadal ridges

A

two

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40
Q

In males, __ ducts develop into reproductive tract; __ ducts degenerate

A

mesonephric, paramesonephric

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41
Q

In females, ___ducts develop into reproductive tract; ___ ducts degenerate

A

paramesonephric, mesonephric

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42
Q

the __ gene is only in males

A

SRY

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43
Q

what does SRY gene stand for

A

sex determining region of the Y chromosome

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44
Q

SRY codes for what protein

A

testes-determining factor

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45
Q

what does testes determining factor do

A

initiates development of testes

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46
Q

Testes begin to secrete testosterone at __ weeks stimulating the __ducts to develop into male tracts

A

8 to 9, mesonephric

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47
Q

at 8-9 weeks the testes secrete __ causing degeneration of the paramesonephric ducts

A

müllerian-inhibiting factor

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48
Q

true or false: estrogen levels lower in pregnancy

A

false, estrogen levels are always high win pregnancy

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49
Q

If estrogen was the hormone that directed female development, all fetuses would be

A

female

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50
Q

Female development of a fetus occurs whenever there is an absence of

A

androgen hormones

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51
Q

__ becomes the head (glans) of the penis or glans clitoris

A

Genital tubercle

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52
Q

Pair of __ encloses male urethra helping to form the penis or forms the labia minora

A

urogenital folds

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53
Q

Pair of __ becomes either scrotum or labia majora

A

labioscrotal folds

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54
Q

By week __, either male or female genitalia are distinctly formed

A

12

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55
Q

Male and female organs that develop from the same embryonic structure are __

A

homologous

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56
Q

Penis is homologous to the

A

clitoris

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57
Q

Scrotum is homologous to the

A

labia majora

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58
Q

Urogenital makes __ or body of penis

A

shaft

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59
Q

what does homologous mean

A

one structure is from the same embryonic structure

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60
Q

Gonads initially develop high in the__ and then migrate into the __ (ovaries) or scrotum (testes)

A

abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity

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61
Q

Descent of the testes begins as early as __ weeks

A

6

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62
Q

In seventh month, testes pass through the __ canal into the __ guided by the __

A

inguinal, scrotum, gubernaculum

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63
Q

Testes accompanied by __

A
  1. elongating testicular arteries 2. veins
  2. lymphatic vessels
  3. nerves
  4. spermatic ducts
  5. extensions of internal abdominal oblique muscle
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64
Q

what is the term for undescended testes

A

Cryptorchidism

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65
Q

Cryptorchidism occurs in about __% of male births

A

3

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66
Q

in most cases of Cryptorchidism the testes descend within the first __ of infancy

A

year

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67
Q

what can aid in making the testes descend

A

testosterone injections or simple surgery

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68
Q

what can uncorrected cases cryptorchidism lead to

A

sterility or testicular cancer

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69
Q

the ovaries lodges on the __ of the lesser pelvis during descent

A

inferior brim

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70
Q

__ becomes a pair of ligaments that supports the ovary and the uterus

A

Gubernaculum

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71
Q

what is the perineum and what occupies it

A

diamond shaped area between the thighs, scrotum and penis

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72
Q

what is the scrotum

A

sac of skin, connective tissue and muscle that contains the testes

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73
Q

why do the human testes reside in the scrotum

A

because of its cooler environment

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74
Q

the __ testis is usually lower so they are not compressed

A

left

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75
Q

what is the spermatic cord

A

bundle of connective tissue, muscle, blood and lymphatic vessels, and nerves

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76
Q

Right testicular vein drains to

A

inferior vena cava

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77
Q

Left testicular vein drains into

A

left renal vein

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78
Q

what is the cremaster muscle and its functions

A
  1. extension of internal abdominal oblique muscle
  2. In cold temperatures, contracts and draws testes upward toward body
  3. In warm temperatures, relaxes suspending testes further from body
79
Q

what is the darts muscle made of and its functions

A
  1. subcutaneous smooth muscle
  2. Contracts when cold, wrinkling the scrotum, holding testes against warm body
  3. Reduces surface area of the scrotum and heat loss
80
Q

what is the pampiniform plexus and its functions

A
  1. network of veins

2. Removes heat from the descending arterial blood

81
Q

what would happen without the pampiniform plexus

A

warm arterial blood would inhibit sperm production

82
Q

what is the countercurrent heat exchanger and where does it occur

A
  1. Removes heat from the descending arterial blood

2. Pampiniform plexus

83
Q

The testes are combined endocrine and exocrine glands that produce__, respectively

A

sex hormones and sperm

84
Q

each testis is covered anteriorly and laterally by

A

tunica vaginalis

85
Q

what is the tunica albuginea

A

white fibrous capsule on testes

86
Q

Connective tissue septa divides testes into __ wedge-shaped lobules

A

250 to 300

87
Q

Seminiferous leads into the

A

rete testes

88
Q

__cells are the ones that become sperm

A

Germ

89
Q

what do nurse cells do

A

protect germ cells

90
Q

what cells produce testosterone

A

interstitial cells (of leydig)

91
Q

what are the seminiferous tubules

A

ducts where the sperm are produced

92
Q

how many seminiferous tubules are in each lobule

A

1-3

93
Q

Each seminiferous tubule is lined with a thick germinal epithelium of __ cells

A

germ

94
Q

where are nurse cells

A

in between germ cells

95
Q

what do nurse cells do

A

protect the germ cells and promote their development

96
Q

where are the interstitial endocrine cells

A

in between tubules

97
Q

what cells produce testosterone

A

interstitial endocrine cells

98
Q

what is the rete testis

A

a network on the posterior side of the testis that collects sperm from seminiferous tubules

99
Q

what is the blood testis barrier

A
  1. formed by tight junctions between nurse cells
  2. Separates sperm from immune system
  3. Prevents antibodies and other large molecules in the blood from getting to germ cells
  4. Germ cells are immunologically different from body cells and would be attacked by the immune system
100
Q

what are the efferent ductules

A

About 12 small ciliated ducts collecting sperm from rete testes and transporting it to epididymis

101
Q

what is the site of sperm maturation and storage

A

Duct of the epididymis

102
Q

how long are sperm fertile for

A

40-60 days

103
Q

if sperm are not ejaculated what happens to them

A

they disintegrate and the epidemic reabsorbs them

104
Q

what is the ductus deferens

A

Muscular tube, 45 cm long, passing up from scrotum through inguinal canal to posterior surface of bladder

105
Q

Duct ends by uniting with duct of the

A

seminal vesicle

106
Q

what is the ejaculatory duct formed by

A

the ductus deferent and seminal vesicle

107
Q

what are the seminal vesicles and their functions

A
  1. Pair of glands posterior to bladder
  2. Empties into ejaculatory duct
  3. Forms 60% of semen
108
Q

what is the prostate and its functions

A
  1. Surrounds urethra and ejaculatory duct
  2. Empty through pores in the prostatic urethra
  3. Forms 30% of semen
109
Q

what part of the body produces the majority of semen

A

the seminal vesicles

110
Q

what are the bulbourethral glands, where are they located, and their functions

A
  1. Near bulb of penis
  2. During sexual arousal, they produce a clear slippery fluid that lubricates the head of the penis in preparation for intercourse
  3. Protects the sperm by neutralizing the acidity of residual urine in the urethra
111
Q

what does BPH stand for

A

benign prostatic hyperplasia

112
Q

what is benign prostatic hyperplasia and what does it do

A
  1. noncancerous enlargement of the prostate
  2. Compresses urethra and obstructs flow of urine
  3. Promotes bladder and kidney infections
113
Q

what is prostate cancer and what does it do

A
  1. Second most common cancer in men after lung cancer
  2. Tumors tend to be near the periphery of the gland where they do not obstruct urine flow
  3. Go unnoticed until they cause pain
  4. Metastasize to nearby lymph nodes and then to lungs and other organs
  5. Digital rectal exam (DRE): palpated through rectal wall to check for tumors
  6. Diagnosed from elevated levels of serine protease (Prostate-specific antigen PSA) and acid phosphatase in the blood
114
Q

what is the role of the penis

A

to deposit semen into the vagina

115
Q

what is the normal size of the penis

A

4 inches when flaccid and 5-7 inches when erect

116
Q

what is another name for the foreskin

A

the prepuce

117
Q

what are the three cylindrical bodies of erectile tissue that fill with blood and account for erection

A

corpus spongiosum and two corpora cavernosa

118
Q

what corpus spongiosum is located where and does what

A
  1. along ventral side of penis
  2. encloses urethra
  3. distal end enlarges and forms the glans penis
119
Q

each divergences of the two corpora cavernosa does what and is called

A

attaches penis to pubic arch, rus

120
Q

the reproductive system remains dormant for how long in males and females

A

10 to 12 years in most boys; 8 to 10 years in most girls

121
Q

A surge of ___awakens the reproductive system

A

pituitary gonadotropins

122
Q

what its the definition of adolescence

A

period from onset of gonadotropin secretion and reproductive development to when a person attains full adult height

123
Q

what is the definition of puberty

A

first few years of adolescence, until the first menstrual period in girls or the first ejaculation of viable sperm in boys

124
Q

when does puberty hit for males and females

A

Typically around age 12 in girls and age 14 in boys

125
Q

Testes secrete testosterone in __ of fetal development then testes becomes dormant until puberty

A

first trimester

126
Q

From puberty, reproductive function is regulated by the

A

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonads

127
Q

As hypothalamus matures it produces

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

128
Q

GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary cells to secrete

A
  1. follicle stimulating hormone, which stimulates nurse cells to secrete androgen binding protein the binds to testosterone
  2. Luteinizing hormone which stimulates interstitial endocrine cells to produce testosterone
129
Q

Nurse cells can inhibit follicle stimulating hormone without inhibiting ___ which means it can continue to produce testosterone

A

luteinizing hormone

130
Q

Both androgens stimulate growth of sex organs such as

A

Penis, testes, scrotum, ducts, glands

131
Q

Testosterone stimulates generalized body growth such as

A
  1. Limbs elongate, muscle mass increases, and larynx enlarges
  2. Erythropoiesis, basal metabolic rate, and increase in appetite
  3. Stimulates sperm production and libido (sex drive)
132
Q

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) stimulates

A
  1. Pubic hair, axillary hair, facial hair and associated apocrine swear/scent glands;
  2. Darker, thicker skin with more sebum contributing to acne
133
Q

during adulthood, testosterones functions include

A

sustains the male reproductive tract, sperm production, and libido

134
Q

during adulthood inhibin’s functions include

A

from nurse cells suppresses FSH output from the pituitary, reducing sperm production without reducing LH and testosterone secretion

135
Q

Peak secretion of testosterone at age __; declines to __of that by age 80

A

20, one-fifth

136
Q

what is andropause

A

the male version of menopause; A period of declining reproductive function that may be first seen in early 50s

137
Q

Age-related drop in testosterone and inhibin triggers a rise in what hormones

A

FSH and LH

138
Q

what are some symptoms of andropause

A

Although most men do not notice this, some experience mood changes, hot flashes, “illusions of suffocation”

139
Q

what is the percentage of men effected by ED

A

20% of men in 60s to 50% of those in 80s

140
Q

define mitosis

A

a somatic (body) cell doubles its DNA and then divides to produce two genetically identical daughter cells that are diploid

141
Q

what is the Basis for division of single-cell fertilized egg, growth of an embryo, all postnatal growth, and tissue repair

A

mitosis

142
Q

define meiosis

A
  • production of four genetically different gametes, each with half the number of chromosomes (haploid cells) of diploid body cells
  • Combining male and female gametes with half the genetic material produces an embryo with the same number of chromosomes as each of the parents
143
Q

what is spermatogenesis

A

process of sperm production in seminiferous tubules

144
Q

what are the three principle events of spermatogenesis

A
  1. Division of large germ cells into small, mobile sperm cells with flagella
  2. Reduction of chromosome number by one-half
  3. Shuffling of genes so each chromosome contains new gene combinations that did not exist in parent
145
Q

what does meiosis do

A

recombines genes and reduces chromosome number, while producing four daughter cells that will differentiate into sperm

146
Q

is mitosis or meiosis used in the spermatogenesis

A

meiosis

147
Q

what are the stages of meiosis 1

A

prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I

148
Q

what happens before meiosis 1

A

DNA is doubled

149
Q

what happens in prophase 1 of meiosis1

A

Prophase I: each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up side by side and forms a tetrad
Crossing-over creates new combinations of genes (recombination)

150
Q

what happens in metaphase1

A

Independent assortment further increases genetic variation as homologous chromosome pairs randomly align on separate poles of the equatorial plate

151
Q

After meiosis I, each cell is reduced to __ chromosomes, but each chromosome is

A

23, double-stranded

152
Q

what are the stages of meiosis 2

A

prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, and telophase II

153
Q

which meiosis is more like mitosis

A

meiosis 2

154
Q

what happens in meiosis 2

A

Each of double-stranded chromosomes divides into two chromatids, and these separate
At the end, each cell contains 23 single-stranded chromosomes

155
Q

__ brings on spermatogenesis

A

Puberty

156
Q

__ form in yolk sac of embryo

A

Primordial germ cells

157
Q

Primordial germ cells colonize __ and become __which divide by mitosis into type A and type B spermatogonia

A

gonadal ridges, spermatogonia

158
Q

When a primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis, it becomes genetically different and needs to be protected from the

A

immune system

159
Q

Tight junctions between __ dismantle ahead of the spermatocyte and reform behind it- forming a new BTB

A

nurse cells

160
Q

what is spermiogenesis

A

four spermatids undergo transformations in which they differentiate into a spermatozoa

161
Q

during spermiogenesis, spermatocytes lose their cytoplasm and get

A

a tail

162
Q

describe the structure of the spermatozoon

A
  1. Head is pear-shaped with three structures
  2. Nucleus contains haploid set of chromosomes
  3. Acrosome—enzyme cap over the apical half of the nucleus that contains enzymes that penetrate the egg
  4. Basal body—indentation in the basal end of the nucleus where flagellum attaches
163
Q

the tail of the spermatozoon is divided into what three regions

A
  1. Midpiece contains mitochondria around axoneme of the flagella, produces ATP for flagellar movement
  2. Principal piece is axoneme surrounded by sheath of supporting fibers
  3. Constitutes most of tail
    Endpiece is very narrow tip of flagella
164
Q

how much semen is expelled during ejaculation

A

2-5 mL

165
Q

what is the contents of semen

A
  1. 60% seminal vesicle fluid,
  2. 30% prostatic fluid, and
  3. 10% sperm and spermatic duct secretions
  4. Only trace amounts of bulbourethral fluid
166
Q

what is normal sperm count

A

50 to 120 million/mL

167
Q

what sperm count infers infertility

A

20 to 25 million/mL

168
Q

what organs contribute to the production of semen

A

prostates, seminal vesicles

169
Q

what is the name of the antibiotic that combat sUTIs in males

A

Seminalplasmin

170
Q

the prostate produces what

A
  1. Prostate produces a thin, milky white fluid
  2. Contains calcium, citrate, and phosphate ions (buffers)
  3. Clotting enzyme
  4. Seminalplasmin (antibiotic that combats UTIs in males)
  5. Protein-hydrolyzing enzyme called serine protease (prostate-specific antigen)
171
Q

the seminal vesicles produce what

A
  1. vesicles contribute viscous yellowish fluid
  2. Contains fructose and other carbohydrates (nourish sperm)
  3. Citrate (ATP production & nutrient for sperm)
  4. Prostaglandins (sperm motility & smooth muscle contraction of uterus)
  5. Proseminogelin
172
Q

what is Proseminogelin

A
  1. Clotting enzyme from prostate activates proseminogelin and converts it to a sticky fibrin-like protein called seminogelin
  2. Entangles the sperm, sticks to the inner wall of the vagina and cervix, and ensures semen does not drain back into vagina
  3. 20 to 30 minutes after ejaculation, serine protease from prostatic fluid breaks down seminogelin, and liquifies the semen
173
Q

semen needs the __ for ATP production

A

fructose

174
Q

what are the two requirements for sperm motility

A

elevated pH and an energy source

175
Q

what does prostatic fluid do

A

buffers vaginal acidity from pH 3.5 to 7.5

176
Q

what does seminal fluid do

A

provides fructose and other sugars to the mitochondria of sperm for ATP production

177
Q

__ in semen may thin the mucus of the cervical canal and may stimulate waves of contractions in uterus and uterine tubes to spread the semen

A

Prostaglandins

178
Q

intercourse into four recognizable phases for males and females

A

Excitement
Plateau
Orgasm
Resolution

179
Q

Sexual intercourse is also known as

A

coitus, coition, or copulation

180
Q

Each internal iliac artery gives rise to an __(penile) artery enters root of the penis and divides in two.

A

internal pudendal

181
Q

dorsal artery does what

A

Supplies blood to skin, fascia, and corpus spongiosum

When penis is flaccid, most blood comes from dorsal artery

182
Q

what does the deep artery do

A

Gives off smaller helicine arteries that enter lacunae

Dilation of deep artery fills lacunae causing an erection

183
Q

Many __ unite deep and dorsal arteries

A

anastomoses

184
Q

__ vein drains blood from penis

A

Deep dorsal

185
Q

The glans and prepuce have an abundance of __receptors

A

tactile, pressure, and temperature

186
Q

___nerves lead to sacral spinal cord

A

Dorsal nerves of penis and internal pudendal

187
Q

__ fibers carry impulses from spinal integrating center to penis

A

Both autonomic and somatic motor

188
Q

__ help induce erection in response to input from special senses and sexual thoughts

A

Sympathetics

189
Q

__ induce an erection in response to direct stimulation of the penis

A

Parasympathetics

190
Q

what are some drugs used to treat ED

A

Viagra®, Levitra®, and Cialis®

191
Q

what are ED drugs and how do they work

A
  1. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors

2. These drugs slow breakdown of cGMP by phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) and prolong duration of erection

192
Q

what’re some bacterial STDs and their symptoms

A
  1. Gonorrhea: pain and pus discharge; uterine bleeding
  2. Chlamydia: may cause urethral discharge, testicular pain, pelvic pain
  3. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: caused by Chlamydia or 4. Gonorrhea
  4. Syphilis: hard lesions (chancres) at site of infection
    Disappearance of chancres ends first stage
    Second stage is widespread pink rash
    Neurosyphilis is third stage with cardiovascular damage and brain lesions
193
Q

what are some viral STDs and their symptoms

A
  1. Genital herpes: Blisters and pain
  2. Genital warts: warts on perineal region, cervix, anus
    Caused by human papillomavirus (HPV)*
    Cause of nearly all cervical cancer and 70% of throat cancer
    Vaccine available
  3. Hepatitis B and C: inflammatory liver disease
    Leading cause of cancer
    Leading reason for liver transplants in the United States

TCU A+P (12 decks)

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