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Psyc 429 > Readings Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Readings Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the average age of a girl at her first period now versus at the turn of the 20th century?

A

12 versus 14.5

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2
Q

What is the role of the endocrine system?

A

To produce, circulate, and regulate hormones.

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3
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

Area that controls hormone levels in general

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4
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

Part of the brain that controls pit gland and has a concentration of GnRH.

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5
Q

What is Adrenarche?

A

Maturation of the adrenal glands which triggers sexual feelings and body odour (lets one know that the other is fertile)

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6
Q

Why is adolescence a period of great vulnerability?

A

Hormonal changes during puberty makes us more responsive to stress, which leads to an excess of cortisol.

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7
Q

What environmental factors trigger earlier puberty?

A

More light exposure and fat cells. (lower melatonin, more leptin).

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8
Q

Does puberty cause hormonal changes?

A

Yes, however many of those hormones already existed in our body and just didn’t go off until puberty.

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9
Q

How can puberty affect the adolescent brain?

A

By making it more susceptible to emotional arousal and a desire for highly rewarding activities. This makes teens more susceptible to emotional and behavioural problems.

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10
Q

What is peak height velocity?

A

When the adolescent is growing most rapidly, at the same rate as a toddler.

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11
Q

What are the averages of peak height velocity for males and females?

A

4 inches for boys, 3.5 for girls.

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12
Q

What is epiphysis?

A

The closing of the long bones in the body which is a marker of the conclusion of puberty.

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13
Q

What percentage of ones adult body weight is gained during puberty?

A

1/2

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14
Q

How much earlier does a growth spurt occur in females versus males?

A

2 years earlier. Girls are taller between aged 11-13

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15
Q

What part of the body does the height gain happen in during puberty?

A

Mostly in the torso.

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16
Q

What is the ratio of muscle to fat for boys versus girls?

A

3:1 for boys and 5:4 for girls.

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17
Q

What are half the differences in physical performance caused by in men and women?

A

Differences in body fat.

18
Q

Which sex has a better diet during puberty?

A

Males. Girls (especially black girls), get less adequate nutrition especially with minerals like iron.

19
Q

What causes young girls to be more susceptible to feelings of body dissatisfaction during puberty?

A

Girls who mature early and begin dating early.

20
Q

What percentage of girls get pubic hair before breast development?

A

1/3

21
Q

What is a good indicator of sexual maturation in girls?

A

Changes in shape and definition of the areola and nipple.

22
Q

What is menarche?

A

The beginning of menstruation. Full reproductive function does not occur until several years after menarche, and regular ovulation follows after 2 years.

23
Q

What is typical in height and weight for late maturers versus early?

A

Late: taller
Early: heavier

24
Q

What are some ethnic differences in puberty in girls?

A

Black girls before Mexican American, both before white girls.

25
Q

Why is it possible that there are ethnic differences in puberty?

A

Possibly due to more frequent chemical exposures in their environment.

26
Q

What are the two most important environmental influences on pubertal maturation?

A

Nutrition and health. Earlier amongst individuals who are better nourished.

27
Q

What family factors can affect when puberty occurs in girls?

A

Father absent families, less cohesive households, or with a stepfather all are related to earlier puberty. Sexual abuse is also linked.

28
Q

How does a close relation with people not part of your biological family affect puberty (ex: step family etc)

A

Speeds it up.

29
Q

What are some easily measured markers of puberty in males and females?

A

Males: voice breakage
Females: menarche

30
Q

Why are teenagers more vulnerable to risky behaviour now?

A

Due to puberty starting earlier, the brain areas that govern self-regulation are unaffected by puberty, so children are seeking out risky and sensational things before self-regulation kicks in.

31
Q

Which gender and ethnicity is at the greatest risk of developing poor body image?

A

White girls

32
Q

What can rapid hormone increases at the start of puberty make each sex more susceptible to?

A

Boys: aggression, irritability, impulsivity
Girls: depression.

33
Q

Does the increase in hormones during puberty cause moodiness?

A

Not likely. It’s moreso their rapid fluctuation in early puberty that causes this.

34
Q

What percentage of teenagers report chronic insomnia?

A

10%

35
Q

How does early maturation affect boys?

A

They may feel better about themselves and be more popular. Also more likely to get involved in antisocial or deviant activities. More frequent and intense temper tantrums and depression

36
Q

What are some advantages for late maturing boys?

A

Higher ratings of intellectual curiosity, exploratory behaviour, and social initiative.

37
Q

How does early maturation affect girls?

A

More emotional difficulties, poorer self-image, higher rates of depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and panic attacks. Can also experience higher emotiona arousal. Are also more popular. Victims of rumours and gossip. More likely to be involved in deviant behaviours and have sex earlier.

38
Q

What is the maturational deviance hypothesis?

A

Those who stand apart from their peers may experience more psychological distress.

39
Q

What is developmental readiness?

A

The idea that if one is younger when they begin puberty, they may not be ready to cope with challenges that come with it.

40
Q

How much does the bodies basal metabolism rate drop during puberty?

A

15%

41
Q

What percentage of American adolescents are obese?

A

1/6

Psyc 429 (19 decks)

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