Peer Groups

Question 1

What are some individual differences in peer groups?

Answer 1

Popularity and aggression

Question 2

What are popularity and aggression shaped by?

Answer 2

Ecological context and individual differences

Question 3

Does being well liked mean you’re also high status?

Answer 3

No

Question 4

What is sociometric popularity?

Answer 4

When you are well-liked in general; nice, friendly, sense of humour etc

Question 5

What is perceived popularity?

Answer 5

How much percieved status- is contextually dependent. Control and manipulation is important, opinion leaders for anti and pro-social behaviour. Uses instrumental aggression (planned), rather than reactive

Question 6

What are the 3 categories of rejected adolescents?

Answer 6

1) Withdrawn- shy, anxious, inhibited
2) Reactive aggression- unplanned, no status or goal
3) Both withdrawn and aggressive

Question 7

When does peer rejection start?

Answer 7

Earlier in childhood, but rejection is more significant for adolescents, resulting in mental health and behavioural and academic problems.

Question 8

What are the two features of aggression?

Answer 8

Perpetrators must intend to harm and victims must feel hurt

Question 9

What are the two types of aggresssion?

Answer 9

Physical and social

Question 10

What are the two motivations for aggression?

Answer 10

Reactive or instrumental

Question 11

What are the two methods of aggression?

Answer 11

Direct or indirect

Question 12

What is physical aggression?

Answer 12

Typically more reactive and direct, includes hitting, punching, kicking etc. Typically emerges in 2nd year of life, frequent in early preschool years, then declines with age

Question 13

What is social aggression?

Answer 13

More instrumental and indirect, behaviour that harms friendships, social status, social exclusion, gossip, manipulation. Includes relational aggression (aggression to damage relationships). Typically starts in the preschool period, decreases in elementary and junior high. Verbal attacks are included, technology can perpetuate

Question 14

What type of social aggression results in increased popularity?

Answer 14

Instrumental social aggression

Question 15

What is the trajectories of adolescent behaviour model?

Answer 15

Used to understand anntisocial or deviant behaviours ofver the lifespan, due to the fact that if you’re aggressive in childhood, you’re more likely to be aggressive later on. Prevalence of aggression also increases with adolescence so how to we reconcile this continuity with this spike? Model proposes that continuity and spike in delinquency conceal 2 things.

Question 16

What are the 2 things that the spike and continuity in aggression reveal?

Answer 16

1) Pathological: A minority group that engages in antisocial behaviour in every course of the lifespan (lifecourse persistent). Ongoing delinquency as a concern. Psychological issues+environment
2) Adolescence Limited: Increased delinquency during adolescence. This is a normal thing and goes away without intervention.

Question 17

What is the thing we’re trying to figure out about the trajectories model?

Answer 17

Which group of adolescents needs intervention, as you can’t tell the two types of aggression apart during adolescence.

Question 18

What is bullying?

Answer 18

A special form of aggression that is repeated, and includes a power imbalance. Not all aggression is bullying, but all bullying is aggression

Question 19

What is PREVnet?

Answer 19

An organization to stop bullying and promote healthy relationships

Question 20

What are the ideas behind PREVnet?

Answer 20

1) Bullying is wrong and hurtful- a non-normative childs rights issue
2) Bullying is a relationships problem
3) Promoting relationships and eliminating violence are everybody’s responsibilities

Question 21

What are some of the developmental trends in bullying?

Answer 21

Direct declines and social increases. Young kids bullying others are due to poor social skills, older kids who bully have social kills and use these to harm others

Question 22

How is bullying considered to be a relationships problem?

Answer 22

Bullying as a social process- youth who bully are using power and aggression to control-victims lose power with every encounter. Children who witness this learn they can get power through fear.

Question 23

How is bullying a group process?

Answer 23

There are different roles when it comes to bullying- in adolescence, bullies are high status, use bullying to achieve goals of dominance, are perceived as cool, powerful and popular.

Question 24

When is bullying at it’s peak?

Answer 24

Early adolescence when valuing status and during school transitions.

Question 25

What is resource control theory?

Answer 25

Bullying as a way to gain resources as with resources comes status

Question 26

Why is it important that peers be there to witness bullying?

Answer 26

Because it helps with status enhancement-status won't go up if nobody witnesses it.

Question 27

What are some characteristics of the victim?

Answer 27

Submissive, insecure, low status and power

Question 28

What are some characteristics of the bully victim?

Answer 28

People who bully others and are also victims- have different motivations that are more disregulated`

Question 29

What are some microsystem influences?

Answer 29

Peer groups, crowds, parents

Question 30

What is the peer group?

Answer 30

Made up of best friendships, other friendships, cliques, and social crowds

Question 31

What is the idea of propinquity?

Answer 31

One of the way's in which adolescents choose their friends, how close you are physically, how much contact you have, leads to friends being quite similar to you

Question 32

What is the idea of homophily?

Answer 32

Another way in which adolescents choose their friends- motivation to make friends with people more like us.

Question 33

How does the idea of friendship shift in adolescence?

Answer 33

Much more intimate-friends are collaborators in a quest to understand and validate each other. There are lots of interpersonal dynamics, talk focused (intimate self-disclosure), gender differences

Question 34

What is deviancy training?

Answer 34

Participation in group interventions with deviant groups may increase levels of deviance in people with low deviance originally, Evidence of this is mixed and depends on ecological context

Question 35

What are cliques?

Answer 35

Small groups based on friendship and social interaction, same age, same sex (at first), similar characteristics, important for social skills development and helps you interact with members of society. Also scaffolds heterosexual romance

Question 36

What are crowds?

Answer 36

Reputation-based clusters. Based on reputation and stereotype. Key for social identity formation and self conceptualization. Important in grade 9 during the transition, influence declines in high school.

Question 37

What are antipathies?

Answer 37

Relationships rooted in reciprocal dislike and aversion. Enemies are an extreme type. Antipathies take up cognitive space, 60% of youth are involved in one and it is linked with negative behavioural outcomes

Question 38

What are enemies?

Answer 38

Extreme type of antipathy, dangerous, hostile and unfriendly peers

Question 39

What is the hostile attribution bias?

Answer 39

Idea that peoples behaviour is due to hostile personality and not other factors.

Question 40

What are some mesosystem influences?

Answer 40

Crowds, parents and peers.

Question 41

What are some exosystem influences?

Answer 41

Crowds one is not part of

Question 42

What are some macrosystem influences?

Answer 42

Gender norms, heteronormativity.

Question 43

What are some chronosystem influences?

Answer 43

Compulsory public education giving rise to age segregation and ultimately the development of peer groups with social norms.