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BMS > Reading and Interpreting Medical Papers > Flashcards

Reading and Interpreting Medical Papers Flashcards

1
Q

Where can we find medical papers?

A

The library, Internet, and references in articles

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2
Q

The types of articles in paper include original research, case reports, early reports, editorials, commentary, research letters, letters to the editor, correspondence, and reviews. What are three types of reviews?

A

Meta-analyses, state-of-the-art reviews, and clinical updates

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3
Q

What are the contents of original research?

A

Abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, references

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4
Q

Tell readers crucial information about the article that allows them to decide whether to read the article in its entirety

A

Abstract

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5
Q

The abstract identifies the

A

Focus of the study

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6
Q

A problem in an abstract whereby the data given in the abstract is given differently than in the body

A

Inconsistency

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7
Q

A problem in an abstract whereby data is given in the abstract but not in the body

A

Omission

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8
Q

If an abstract displays inconsistency, omission, or both, the abstract is deemed

A

Deficient

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9
Q

What are three types of observational studies you may see in the design of analytical studies?

A
  1. ) Cross-sectional (prevalence)
  2. ) Case-control (retrospective)
  3. ) Cohort (prospective or retrospective)
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10
Q

Type of observational study where you may look at a group of diseased and non-diseased people and look into their past to see if they were exposed or not exposed to a certain factor

A

Case-control study

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11
Q

What are two types of clinical trials?

A

Preventative and therapeutic

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12
Q

Clinical trial where people WITH a disease are randomized and sorted into a treatment group and a control group and studied to see if the treatment is effective at combating the disease

A

Therapeutic Clinical Trial

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13
Q

Clinical trial where people WITHOUT a disease are randomized and sorted into a treatment group and a control group and studied to see if the treatment prevents the disease

A

Preventive Clinical Trial

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14
Q

It’s main goal is to combine the results of previous studies to reach summary conclusions about a body of research

A

Meta-Analysis

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15
Q

Has the following steps:

  1. ) Identify studies with relevant data
  2. ) Define inclusion and exclusion criteria
  3. ) Abstract data
  4. ) Analyze abstracted data statistically
A

Meta-analysis

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16
Q

Becoming increasingly important in medical literature

A

Statistical methods

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17
Q

Gives the findings from the research

-Directed at questions posed in the introduction

A

Results and Discussion

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18
Q

If you wanted to know how many people in New Jersey currently had a headache, what type of study would you perform?

A

Cross-sectional study

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19
Q

In peer-review publication, the editor reviews the manuscript and either rejects it, or assigns it to reviewers for

A

External evaluation

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20
Q

The reviewers then review the manuscript and make recommendations to the

A

Editor

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21
Q

The editor then decides whether to

A

Reject the work, modify the work, or publish the work

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22
Q

What is the strongest source of evidence? What is the second strongest?

A
  1. ) Systematic review

2. ) RCT

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23
Q

The 2011 OCEBM levels of evidence say that the first level for finding out how common a problem is, is a

A

Local and current random sample survey

24
Q

The levels are NOT dismissive of

A

Systematic reviews

25
Q

The levels are NOT intended to provide you with a definitive judgement about the quality of

A

Evidence

26
Q

The levels will NOT provide you with a recommendation or tell you if you are asking the

A

Right question

27
Q

Identifies the best available evidence from within a large body of research

-needed because there are too many papers and too little time

A

Critical Appraisal

28
Q

How many articles a day would you need to read to keep up with the current literature?

A

10,000

29
Q

Rutgers university libraries, orxford center for EBM, and enhancing the QUAlity and Transparency of health research (EQUATOR) network are all resources for

A

Appraisal tools

30
Q

The oxford centre for EMB’s randomized controlled trials critical appraisal sheet is an example of a

A

Tool for critical appraisal

31
Q

The first question asked by the RWJMS general article review sheet is

A

What is the overall design of the study?

32
Q

The second question asked by the RWJMS general article review sheet is

A

What is the overall question addressed by the study?

33
Q

The third question asked by the RWJMS general article review sheet is

A

What is the the PICO?

34
Q

The fourth question asked by the RWJMS general article review sheet is

A

Determine the validity (should I believe the results?)

35
Q

When determining the validity, you want to look for common sources of

A

Error (i.e. bias or inadequate blinding)

36
Q

If error do exist, you must ask yourself if these errors are

A

Fatal Flaws

37
Q

When reading an article, you always want to determine the applicability, in other words, can you apply the results to your

A

Patient

38
Q

Referral patients tend to be

A

Sicker

39
Q

Volunteer patients tend to be

A

Less sick

40
Q

You always want to beware of composite and surrogate (non-patient important)

A

Outcomes

41
Q

When reading a paper, you always want to ask if the study used was the best study to answer the

A

Question

42
Q

The question: was the assignment of patients to treatments randomized? would be answered in

A

Methods

43
Q

The question: were the groups similar at the start of the trial? would be answered in the

A

Results

44
Q

The question: aside from the allocated treatment, were groups treated equally? would be best answered in the

A

Methods and results

45
Q

When you are determining how large the treatment effect was, you want to ask yourself

A

What is the measure? i.e. RR, ARR, RRR, NNT?

46
Q

Encompasses various initiatives to alleviate the problems arising from inadequate reporting of randomized controlled trials

A

CONSORT

47
Q

Measures how likely that any apparent differences in outcome between treatment and control groups are real and not due to chance.

A

Statistical Significance

48
Q

Measures how large the differences in treatment effects are in clinical practice.

A

Clinical significance

49
Q

Statistical significance is defined using a

A

P-value

50
Q

Clinical significance is defined using

A

RR, ARR, and NNT

51
Q

Important resources for obtaining evidences from scientific and clinical research to facilitate practicing evidence-based medicine

A

Medical Papers

52
Q

Understanding the key study design (cross-sectional, cohort, RCT), will enable you to better distinguish the

A

Levels of evidence

53
Q

What level of evidence is represented by the results of an RCT?

A

Level I

54
Q

Obtained from well-designed controlled trials without randomization.

A

Level II-1 evidence

55
Q

Obtained from well-designed cohort or case-control analytic studies, preferably from more than one center or research group.

A

Level II-2 evidence

56
Q

Opinions of respected authorities

A

Level III evidence

BMS (62 decks)

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