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BMS > Environmental Influences on Human Development (Part II) > Flashcards

Environmental Influences on Human Development (Part II) Flashcards

1
Q

Have a direct positive affect on nervous system development

A

Omega-3 fatty acids

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2
Q

Fish that is low in mercury and high in omega 3’s

A

Salmon

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3
Q

Which has more mercury, solid white or chunk light tuna?

A

Solid white (by 4x)

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4
Q

Cognitive defects in children are the main points of concern when dealing with

A

Mercury poisoning

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5
Q

Leads to upregulation of calcium transporters in the intestine, thereby facilitating the uptake of other divalent cations such as cadmium or lead

A

Calcium deficiency

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6
Q

Interferes with the development of the nervous system both before and after birth

A

Methylmercury

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7
Q

The effects of methylmercury are mediated by impacts at the molecular level, including microtubulin synthesis and attachment in the

A

Central nervous system

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8
Q

Accumulate in fish, and people who consume large quantities of fish on a daily basis, also expose their infants to developmental delay and lowered cognitive
performance

A

Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)

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9
Q

In the case of PCB’s, the major impact occurs from

A

Prenatal exposure

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10
Q

Led to a 9-13% decrease in gestation duration

-Indirectly lead to intrauterine growth retardation

A

PCBs

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11
Q

Until the 1960’s it was assumed that the placenta guarded against

A

Toxic substances

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12
Q

Associated with reduced intelligence, poorer school performance, and higher delinquency

A

Elevated lead levels

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13
Q

Early exposure to lead has a similar effect to early exposure to

A

Mercury

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14
Q

The most severe result of lead poisoning on a fetus is

A

Encephalopathy (leads to death)

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15
Q

Due to lead laws that took lead out of paint and out of gasoline, lead levels in the U.S. population have dramatically

A

Decreased

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16
Q

Who is still at risk for led poisoning?

A

Children from low SES neighborhoods

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17
Q

Dust and chips from old indoor lead paint, lead plumbing, and lead from parents work clothing are risk factors for

A

Children lead exposure

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18
Q

If you are living in a house built before 1978, you may have

A

Lead paint

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19
Q

about how many lead poisoning cases are seen in NJ preschools each year?

A

1000 cases per year

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20
Q

Are at risk for lead poisoning because they touch a lot of things and then stick their hands in their mouths

A

Children

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21
Q

Public health action should be prompted for children who’s blood lead levels are

A

Above 5 ug/dl

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22
Q

Lead exposure below 5 ug/dl has still been associated with lower

A

Cognitive development

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23
Q

What is the mean IQ?

A

100 +/- 15

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24
Q

A major risk fator for ADHD in the US

A

Blood lead levels (BLLs) above 2 ug/dL

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25
Q

The mean IQ for math and reading scores drop significantly with BLL of

A

Greater than 3.0 ug/dL

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26
Q

A “sink” for lead and other household contaminants including allergens

A

Carpets

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27
Q

Exterior paint has the highest levels of

A

Lead

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28
Q

Because of their hand to mouth behavior, children less than 2 years old are at the greatest risk for

A

Lead poisoning

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29
Q

In an inner city study, cleaning significantly reduced blood lead in children, but only for those in

A

Uncarpeted homes

30
Q

Pass through the placenta and blood brain barrier

A

Pesticides

31
Q

Inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) allowing acetylcholine to build up at neuronal junctions

-ex: nerve gas Sarin

A

Organophosphate pesticides

32
Q

Disrupts cell replication, differentiation, synaptogenesis, and axogenesis

A

AChE inhibition

33
Q

Fetuses and young children are more susceptible to

A

Pesticides

34
Q

Why are pesticides more dangerous to fetuses and young children?

A
  1. ) Rapid brain development

2. ) Lower levels of detoxifying enzymes

35
Q

Several groups of pesticides, most notably the organophosphates, operate by inhibiting the critical enzyme

A

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

36
Q

Although the acute toxicity of the organophosphates is unquestioned, controversy has surrounded the issue of

A

Chronic low level exposure

37
Q

Daily exposure to pesticides in human populations is likely to be without appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a

A

Lifetime

38
Q

Concluded that the body of evidence on low-level pesticide exposure does not warrant revision of risk assessment

A

USEPA

39
Q

Although not all neurobehavioral functions are

effected, some show the dramatic effects of pesticide exposure on maturation of

A

Cognitive function

40
Q

Early pesticide exposure has also been linked to

-stronger association in boys than in girls

A

ADHD

41
Q

Do not persist in human tissue, i.e. they have a short half-life

A

Organophosphate pesticides (OPs)

42
Q

What is the metric for organophosphate pesticide exposure?

A

Organophosphate dialkylphosphate (DAP) in urine or parental blood

43
Q

The Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health: New York City Birth Cohort study on OPs showed that umbilical cord concentration of OPs was associated with

A

Birth weight and length discrepancies between highest and lowest exposure groups

44
Q

The CHAMACOS and Mt. Sinai birth cohorts showed that DAPs in maternal urine were associated with

A

abnormal reflexes in neonates

45
Q

The CHAMACOS and Mt. Sinai birth cohorts showed that DAPs in maternal urine resulted in decreased

A

Bayley mental development scores at 24 months

46
Q

DAPS in 24 month old children from CHAMACOS positively associated with

A

Mental development

47
Q

Columbia cohort in NYC showed a negative association between chlorpyrifos in cord plasma and motor and metal development evident at

A

36 months (not 12 or 24)

48
Q

Maternal reports of pervasive developmental disorder associated with maternal DAPs in CHAMACOS and Columbia cohorts at

A

24 and 36 months

49
Q

There is an increasing vocabulary and sentence complexity by

A

Age 3

50
Q

Have an increased attention span and can solve simple puzzles

A

Three year olds

51
Q

The memory capacity by age 5 is

A

Four numbers in a row

52
Q

The memory capacity by age 10 is

A

Six numbers in a row

53
Q

Tests memory in children

-“Tell me as many objects as you can remember”

A

McCarthy Test

54
Q

Even a small decrease in the average IQ can have a drastic effect because it shifts more people into the qualification of

A

Mildly retarded

55
Q

There is a stronger association between prenatal OP exposure and ADHD for

A

Boys and 5 year olds (vs 3.5 year olds)

56
Q

The impaired development due to prenatal OP exposure becomes more apparent with

A

Age

57
Q

Showed that parental reports of ADHD were associated with higher urinary OP metabolite levels in children

A

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)

58
Q

The Colombia cohort (residential exposure) follow up at 7 years showed that for each standard increase in chlorpyrifos exposure, what happened?

A
  1. ) IQ declined by 1.4%

2. ) Working memory declined by 2.8%

59
Q

The CHAMACOS cohort (agricultural exposure) follow up at 7 years showed that average maternal DAP concentrations were associated with poorer scores for working memory, processing speed, verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning and

A

Full scale IQ

60
Q

In the CHAMACOS cohort (agricultural study) the average IQ deficit was

A

7 points

61
Q

An enzyme in metabolism of OP pesticides

A

PON1

62
Q

The Mt. Sinai cohort (residential exposure) showed that in 6-9 year old children of mothers with the PON1
192QQ genotype, increasing maternal urinary DAP
exposure was associated with

A

Decline in overall IQ and perceptual reasoning

63
Q

Reviewed experimental toxicology and epidemiology studies to determine risk assessment of OPs in 2012

A

FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel

64
Q

The FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel determined that the primary mode of action or adverse outcome pathway for OPs was

A

AChE inhibiton

65
Q

Using AChE inhibition as biomarker of effect is thought to be protective of downstream

A

Cholinergic effects

66
Q

Said that for OPs, data are not sufficient to establish causal pathways leading to adverse outcomes on the developing brain

A

FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel

67
Q

Human windows of susceptibility for prenatal exposure of OPs is

A

Not yet determined

68
Q

The Columbia, Mt. Sinai, and CHAMCOS birth cohorts are almost exclusively from minority and poor cohorts because they represent the

A

Highest risk for OP exposure

69
Q

New drugs undergo FDA scrutiny through the multistage drug development

A

Process

70
Q

Considered innocent until proven guilty/harmful

A

Industrial chemicals

71
Q

Should be demonstrably safer than waiting until they are proven devastating

A

New Chemicals

BMS (62 decks)

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