Lecture NC's for Test 2 Week 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Mostly function by dimerizing in the presence of ligand and activating intracellular kinase activity
-Inactive as monomers
A
Protein kinase receptors
2
Q
An example of desensitization of receptors is seen in the
A
β-adrenergic receptor
3
Q
What are the 4 classes of intermediate filaments?
A
- ) Nuclear
- ) Vimentin-like (Desmin = Muscle, Vimentin = mesenchymal)
- ) Epithelial
- ) Axonal
4
Q
What is the largest of the motor proteins?
A
Dynein
5
Q
Regulate myosin and can be phosphorylated
-often comprised of calmodulin
A
Light chains of Myosin
6
Q
Dynein binds microtubules through the
A
Stalk
7
Q
The motor domain of dynein does NOT contain the
A
Microtubule binding domain
8
Q
Defect in recognizing signal of peroxisomal proteins
A
Zellweger syndrome
9
Q
We never find glycosylated molecules in the
A
Cytoplasm
10
Q
Glycosylation occurs in the
A
Lumen of the ER
11
Q
Lysosomal proteins receive their M-6-P tags in the
A
cis-Golgi
12
Q
Lysosomal proteins bind M-6-P receptor in the
A
trans-Golgi
13
Q
Clathrin does not directly bind to the membrane receptors. Instead, it binds
A
Adaptin
14
Q
Keeps enzymes from leaking out into underlying tissue
A
Tight Junctions
15
Q
Expressed highly in parts of the renal tubules where Ca2+ and Mg2+ resorption takes place
A
Claudins 16 and 19 (tight junctions)
16
Q
What would you expect from a patient with a mutation in the tight junction proteins claudin 16 and 19?
A
Serum: Low Ca2+ and Mg2+
Urine: High Ca2+ and Mg2+
17
Q
Cadherin mutations can lead to
A
Developmental disorders
18
Q
Mutations in connexin 26 lead to
A
Deafness
19
Q
Mutations in connexin 32 lead to
A
Peripheral neuropathies
20
Q
Calcium dependent cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) with a carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD)
A
Selectins
21
Q
Major component of the lamina densa
A
Collagen IV
22
Q
Mostly found in connective tissue where it connects the connective tissue to the lamina densa
A
Collagen VII
23
Q
Transmembrane collagen that anchors epithelial cells to basal lamina
A
Collagen XVII
24
Q
Proteoglycan that has a noncovalent interaction with hyaluronic acid
-abundant in cartilage
A
Aggrecan
25
Proteoglycan with heparin sulfate GAG that is located in the basal lamina and associates with collagen IV
Perlecan
26
Proteoglycan with chondroitin sulfate GAG that is located in fibroblasts and epithelial cells and helps stabilize interaction of FGF with receptor
Syndecan-1
27
Focal adhesions form at the site of bound
Integrin
28
Maintains phosphotidylserine in inner leaflet
Flippase
29
Enzyme that causes phosphotidylserine to flip to outer leaflet
Scrambalase
30
Cleave ICAD to make CPAN, which oligomerizes and becomes active DNAse
Caspases 3 and 7
31
How can we determine a cell is autophagic?
Lots of vacuoles
32
How can we determine that a cell is apoptotic?
Dark color in nucleus from chromatin condensation and DNA laddering
33
How can we determine that a cell is necrotic?
Ruptured membrane
34
The TGF-β signaling pathway peptides bind as dimers to
Serine-Threonine Kinases
35
The FGF signaling pathway peptides bind as monomers to
Tyrosine kinases
36
A mutation in which TGF-β peptide will prevent formation of mesoderm and primitive streak?
Nodal
37
Suppresses mesoderm and nervous system formation and promotes epidermis formation
BMP-4
38
Leads to nodal expression on one side of the embryo and left-right sideness
-promotes noggin and chordin expression to inhibit BMP4
FGF
39
Embryogenesis occurs during weeks
1-3
40
Once a mature follicle is formed, it will discharge an oocyte. This is called
Ovulation
41
Fertilization takes place in the
Ampulla of the uterus
42
The layers surrounding the mature oocyte are mature follicular cells. The follicular cells that are left behind become the
Corpus luteum
43
Maintains the corpus luteum so that is can secrete progesterone and maintain the endometrium
-secreted by trophoblasts
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
44
Non-cellular glycoprotein layer surrounding oocyte
Zona Pellucida
45
The corona radiata is also known as the
Cumulous Ooforous
46
What is triggered in the oocyte upon fertilization
Meiosis II
47
What are the two ways that the Oocyte blocks polyspermy?
1. ) Instant depolarization
| 2. ) Intracellular Ca2+ tsunami that induces cortical reaction
48
Cortical granules line ZP and secrete enzymes that make it impermeable to other sperm
Cortical reaction
49
Have separate amniotic cavities and separate or shared placentas
-Can be same or opposite sex
Dizygotic twins
50
Morulla cells start to secrete
ICM and OCM
51
Occurs by the end of week one, around day 6
Implantation
52
Embryoblast cells differentiate into epiblast (top) and hypoblast (bottom) cells to form the
Bilaminar disc
53
Located above the epiblast layer
Amniotic cavity
54
Located below the hypoblast layer
Yolk sac
55
Insufficient amniotic fluid
Oligohydraminos
56
Too much amniotic fluid
Polyhydraminos
57
When hypoblast cells differentiate and line the trophoblast cells, they convert the blastocyst into the
Yolk sac
58
Allow for blood exchange between yolk sac and embryo
-where early exchange occurs
Vitelline Vessels
59
Germ cells from the yolk sac form the
Gonads
60
Waste moves from the fetus to the placenta through the
Fetal arteries (there are 2)
61
The mesoderm differentiates into the
Paraxial, intermediate, and lateral plate mesoderms
62
Differentiates into somite mesoderm
Paraxial mesoderm
63
Will split into the parietal/somatic layer and the splanchnic/visceral layer
Lateral mesoderm
64
Form when primitive steak fails to completely regress
-can contain multiple tissue types such as skin, teeth, etc
Teratomas
65
An area of mesenchyme that contains signals which instruct the developing limb bud to form along the anterior/posterior axis
Zone of Polarizing Activity (ZPA)
66
Sonic hedgehog is expressed in the
Notochord
67
In the adult brain, Shh is expressed in the
Hippocampus
68
An extra digit on pinky side of hand or feet
-Results from Gli haploinsufficiency
Postaxial polydactyly
69
Wnt signaling is associated with cancer, especially
Colon Cancer
70
Which transcription factor aids in the fusion of the neural tube?
Snail
71
c-Kit is which type of receptor?
Tyrosine kinase
72
Cardiac outflow track cells require
Crkl
73
Growth factors stabilize p53 through
-sequesters MDM2 (HDM2)
p14ARF
74
Things that inhibit the cell cycle are classified as
Tumor Suppressor genes
75
What are the oncogenes of the mTOR pathway?
PI3K, AKT (PKB), and mTOR
76
What are the tumor suppressor genes of the mTOR pathway?
PTEN and TSC
77
Pail membranes of the eyes
-good indicator of anemia
Conjunctival Pallor
78
Tells us what types of WBCs are in the population
CBC w/ differential
79
Enzyme found in granules of WBCs
Myeloperoxidase
80
How can we differentiate Myeloid cells and Lymphoid cells in a blood smear?
Myeloid cells: much bigger than RBCs
Lymphoid cells: about same size as RBCs
81
In the CML translocation, the Bcr and Abl breakpoints both occur in
-splicing remains in tact and chimeric protein is made
Introns
82
What type of mutation is the balanced translocation leading to the formation of Bcr-Abl
Gain-of-function
83
Bcr-Abl being trapped in the cytoplasm prevents maturation of myeloid cells and results in
Blasts
84
Otd and Otx1 are and example of
Orthologs
85
Hoxa2 and Hoxb2 are an example of
Paralogs
86
The vertebral skeleton
Scleretome
87
The skeletal muscle
Myotome
88
Stops the destruction complex from phosphorylating β-catenin
Disheveled
89
Smootheneds natural ligand may be an
Oxysterol
90
p14ARF is transcribed from DNA that also encodes a
CDK inhibitor
91
A trunicated/mutant protein can have which type of affect?
A dominant negative effect
92
Caused by constitutive action of c-RET
Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN)
93
How can we treat constitutively active mutations in protein kinase?
An inhibitor like Gleevec that binds near ATP binding site and prevents binding
94
Characterized by NC-derived intermediate cells being lost. There is no endolymph, and hair cells die
Waardenburg's Syndrome
95
The main mutation causing Waardenburg's is a mutation in
Micropthalmia transcription factor (MITF)
96
Expressed ion melanocyte populations such as in the iris, the skin, and the cochlear duct (supports hair cells)
MITF
97
Without functional MITF, there will be no endolymph in the ear and the result will be
Deafness
98
Located downstream of c-kit and the steel factor ligand via MAP kinase
MITF
99
The target genes of MITF include
Bcl-2 (anti-apoptotic) and melanin
100
Waardenburg II clinical syndrome may also be caused by mutations in
Slug
101
Not affected by slug mutation
MITF expression
102
On the outside of the cell and facilitates LDL binding to receptor
-mutations prevent LDL from binding receptor
Apolipoprotein B
103
Bind to receptors on inner nuclear membrane and to chromatin an transcription factors from the nucleoplasm
Lamins
104
If lamina is disrupted, detrimental effects could easily arise from mislocalization of
Proteins/chromatin
105
Intermediate filaments assemble as
Coiled-coil dimers
106
Characterized by a splice defect in lamin A that prevents cleavage of a lipid chain
Progeria
107
Continued farnesylation (lipid attachment) to Lamin A leads to Lamin A incorporation into
Nuclear envelope
108
Atypical-Werner's syndrome could result from altered helicase attachment site in
Lamin A
109
Interact as a complex with clotting factors V and VIII
LMAN and MCDF2
110
Without either LMAN or MCFD2, clotting factors V and VIII can not be incorporated into
COP-II vesicles
111
The myosin Va link to the melanosome is abolished in
-shows neurological problems
Griscelli type I
112
How does a melanosome attach to myosin Va?
Rab27 binds melanosome first, then melanophilin binds, then myosin V
113
The Rab27a link to the melanosome is disrupted in
-shows immune problems
Griscelli II
114
By and large an inhibitor of cell division because smad transcription factors activated by this signalling promote synthesis of CDK inhibitors
TGF-β signaling
115
Are typically both necessary and sufficient to generate specific body parts and/or cell types
Homeobox transcription factors
116
The Philadelphia chromosome (short Ch22) gains genetic material from
-results in the production of abnormal protein
Chromosome 9
117
Another name for hematopoetic stem cells is
CD34 positive cells
