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Cytoskeleton I Flashcards

1
Q

Establishes cellular polarity

A

Cytoskeleton

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2
Q

Performs directional migration

A

Cytoskeleton

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3
Q

Responsible for the formation of the bipolar mitotic/meiotic spindle

A

Cytoskeleton

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4
Q

What are four major roles of the cytoskeleton?

A
  1. ) Establishes cell polarity
  2. ) Directional migration
  3. ) formation of mitotic/meiotic spindle
  4. ) Chromosome segregation
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5
Q

Also responsible for cytokinesis, intracellular transport, exocytosis, and endocytosis

A

Cytoskeleton

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6
Q

What are the three cytoskeletal components?

-have different distributions in the cell

A

Actin, Intermediate filaments, Microtubules

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7
Q

Cytoskeletal components have different distributions, this is important for cell

A

Shape & polarity, and tissue formation

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8
Q

Side that is towards the lumen

A

Apical face

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9
Q

Side that is towards the basement membrane

A

Basal face

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10
Q

Are assembled from smaller protein subunits

  • Non-covalent polymers
  • Dynamic
A

Cytoskeletal structures

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11
Q

Intermediate in size between actin filaments and microtubules

-more stable-the “tendons” of the cell

A

Intermediate filaments

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12
Q

Major components of the cytoskeleton and nuclear boundary and functional organization of cellular architecture

A

Intermediate filaments

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13
Q

Intermediate filaments provide protection from

A

Mechanical stress

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14
Q

Viscoelastic filaments within cells and at junctions between cells

-Stress absorbers

A

Intermediate filaments

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15
Q

Intermediate filaments have a role in signaling and controlling gene regulatory

A

Networks

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16
Q

Do intermediate filaments have any known associated motors?

A

No

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17
Q

Surround the nucleus, extend to cell periphery, and at cell-cell and cell-ECM junctions

A

Intermediate filaments

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18
Q

Intermediate filaments are dynamic. They are controlled by

A

Phosphorylation

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19
Q

What are four main functions of intermediate filaments?

A
  1. ) Mechanical support
  2. ) Cytoarchitecture
  3. ) Cell migration and movement
  4. ) Signal modulation
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20
Q

Large family of proteins (~70 genes) including keratins, neurofilaments, nuclear lamins among others. Many disease-assoc. mutations.

A

Intermediate filaments

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21
Q

What is the basic structure of an intermediate filament?

A

Two chained coil that assembles to form tetramer

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22
Q

The N-terminal and C-terminal ends of intermediate filaments are globular, and their coiled coil region is interupted by

A

Linker domains

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23
Q

Intermediate filaments assemble as antiparallel tetramers. In contrast to actin filaments and microtubules, the overall structure is

A

Not polar

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24
Q

Mutations in lamins cause

A

Laminopathies

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25
Q

Mutations in keratins cause

A

Skin blistering diseases

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26
Q

Actin filaments (F-actin) are polymers of the
globular protein, actin (G-actin), that contains a
bound

A

Nucleotide (ATP or ADP)

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27
Q

Are actin filaments polar?

A

Yes

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28
Q

In an actin filament, what is the

  1. ) fast growing end?
  2. ) slow growing end?
A
  1. ) “plus” or barbed end

2. ) “minus” or pointed end

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29
Q

The overall shape of the actin filament is

A

Helical

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30
Q

Modify the actin filament dynamics and higher order assemblies

A

Actin binding proteins

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31
Q

Both assembled from globular proteins by a condensation-polymerization mechanism to form a polar structure

A

Microtubules and actin filaments

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32
Q

The preferred end of monomer addition to actin and microtubules is the

A

Plus end

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33
Q

What do microtubules and actin filaments have at the growing end?

A

ATP or GTP cap

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34
Q

Is energy required for polymerization of actin filaments or microtubules?

A

No

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35
Q

Given all their similarities, are actin filaments and microtubules related?

A

No

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36
Q

The rate limiting step of elongating the barbed or “plus end of actin filaments or microtubules is

A

Nucleation

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37
Q

Preferentially added to the barbed (+) end of actin filaments

A

ATP-actin

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38
Q

ATP hydrolysis is not required for polymerization, but the bound nucleotide influences stability of the ends and interactions with other

39
Q

Most of an actin filament is made up of ADP-actin, with the exception of the extreme

A

Barbed end

40
Q

In actin filaments and microtubules, hydrolysis of NTP to NDP takes place after

A

Polymerization

41
Q

Soluble actin or microtuble subunits are in the

42
Q

Actin filament and microtubule polymers are a mixture of

-(-) end grows so slow that hydrolysis catches up

A

T (NTP) and D (NDP) form

43
Q

Affect microtubule growth and stability

A

Nucleotide at (+) end

44
Q

Stabilizes the (+) growing end of the microtubule

A

GTP-tubulin cap

45
Q

Destabilizes the microtubule resulting in rapid depolymerization

A

GDP-tubulin subunits at (+) end

46
Q

Lengthen or shorten as a function of time

-Catastrophe happens before rapid shortening

A

Individual microtubules

47
Q

Determine the state of actin and its dynamics

A

Actin binding proteins

48
Q

Actin binding proteins are targets of

A

Cell signaling cascades

49
Q

A monomer or filamentous poymer

-a building block

50
Q

Exist as singular units or are assembled into different structures by actin binding proteins

51
Q

Actin filaments are dynamic and are ultimate targets in

A

Cell signaling pathways

52
Q

Important in vesicular and organelle transport

A

Tubulin and microtubules

53
Q

Form the mitotic spindle, cilia and flagella, centriole, and basal bodies

A

Microtubules

54
Q

Many cilia are motile, but most cells have a non-motile

-usually one per cell

A

Primary Cilium

55
Q

Central in developmental signaling pathways

-sensory organelles

A

Primary Cilium

56
Q

The only difference between the structure of motile cilia and the primary cilia is the primary cilum has no

A

Microtubule in the center

57
Q

The microtubule organizing center

-forms poles of mitotic spindle

A

Centrosome

58
Q

A consequence of the centrosome is that the (+) end of microtubules is located towards the

A

Cell periphery

59
Q

The centrosome is organized around a pair of

A

Centrioles

60
Q

Centrioles are surrounded by

A

Pericentriolar material

61
Q

Centrioles duplicate beginning in

A

S phase of mitosis

62
Q

Regulate state of microtubule assembly and stabilize or destabilize plus or minus end

A

Microtubule associated proteins (MAPs)

63
Q

Bind to the side of microtubules and stabilize by side binding or bundle formation

64
Q

Can also sever microtubules

65
Q

An example of a MAP that acts in Alzheimer’s disease in neurofibrillary tangles

-connets microtubules

66
Q

In order for the (+) end to reach the cell periphery, (+) tip proteins must inhibit

A

Catastrophes

67
Q

Bind to and track with the + end of a

growing microtubule

A

(+) tip proteins

68
Q

(+) end reaching the cell periphery allows for communication and connection with the cell cortex and interaction with the

A

Actin cytoskeleton

69
Q

Capture chromosomes during mitosis

-Associated with kinetochore

70
Q

Can alter microtubule or actin polymerization

A

Natural toxins

71
Q

Binds and stabilizes actin filaments

-found in death angel mushroom

A

Phalloidin

72
Q

Depolimerizes microtubules

-From the autumn cross

A

Colchicine

73
Q

Binds and stabilizes microtubules

  • from pacific yew tree
  • widely used as anti-cancer drug
74
Q

Widespread: seen during development, in chemotaxis, in tissue formation and repair, and in cancer metastasis

A

Cell migration

75
Q

Migration of neutrophils to infection sites

A

Chemotaxis

76
Q

What are the two ways to drive cellular movement?

A
  1. ) motor driven

2. ) polymerization driven

77
Q

Can also be motor driven or polymerization driven

A

Intracellular transport

78
Q

Can usurp the cellular machinery

79
Q

An example of cellular motility is when a neutrophil chases a

80
Q

Found in the blood and protect the body from bacteria that enter through the skin

A

Neutrophils

81
Q

Neutrophils cahse bacteria by

A

Chemotaxis

82
Q

Mechanisms that involve actin polymerization at the leading edge and myosin dependent contractions of the tail

A

Chemotaxis

83
Q

Can drive cell migration by itself

A

Actin polymerization

84
Q

Can commandeer the cell’s actin polymerization machinery during infection

A

Certain bacteria

85
Q

How does actin polymerization alone provide the force for movement?

A

Elongation at the (+) end pushes against the membrane

86
Q

More actin filaments are nucleated, existing filaments are severed to create more barbed ends, and branches are formed in existing filaments to generate the

A

Actin polymerization required for movement

87
Q

Nucleates filaments from the sides of actin filaments,
making complex branched structures

-a complex of 7 proteins

88
Q

What activates Arp2/3 to enable it to nucleate actin filaments?

A

Rho-dependent signaling cascade

89
Q

Dendritic (branched) actin filaments drive

A

Membrane protrusion

90
Q

Involved in neutrophil migration, wound healing, invasion of metastatic cancer cells, and clathrin-dependent endocytosis

A

Arp2/3-dependent polymerization

91
Q

Food born bacterium that infects intestinal epithelium and activates Arp2/3, which propels bacterium through cytoplasm

92
Q

Contain ƴ-tubulin ring complex that nucleates the 13

protofilaments of microtubules and caps the - ends

A

Centrioles

93
Q

WASP/Scar binds to Arp2/3 complex and activates it. The complex then binds to existing filaments and makes a

-generates actin-polymerized movement

A

New filament growing out (branch)

BMS (62 decks)

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