RE CAP

Question 1

1) Which of the following is induced or activated by immobilization?
Select one or more:
a. Wnt transmission
b. RANKL
c. osteoprotegerin
d. sclerostin

Answer 1

B/D

Question 2

2) Which statement is false regarding vitamin D?
Select one or more:
a. It decreases the expression of PTH in the parathyroid gland.
b. It regulates gene expression.
c. It stimulates the secretion of renin in the kidney.
d. It decreases the expression of osteopontin.

Answer 2

C/D

Question 3

3) Which statement is false about medial vascular sclerosis?
Select one:
a. It is characterized by increased pulse pressure
b. It leads to left ventricular hypertrophy
c. The severity shows positive correlation with serum Fetuin-A level
d. The severity shows positive correlation with serum osteopontin level

Answer 3

C

Question 4

4) Which one is incorrect? Secondary osteoporosis may occur due to:
Select one:
a. Postmenopause
b. Drugs
c. Alcohol use disorder
d. Anorexia nervosa

Answer 4

A

Question 5

7) Which of the following statements is false about Paget’s disease?
Select one:
a. It is characterized by enhanced bone remodeling
b. Affected bones are weaker and pathologic fractures often occur
c. The pelvis, long tubular bones (e.g. femur), skull and vertebrae are commonly affected
d. All bones are affected, in a generalized fashion

Answer 5

D

Question 6

8) Which statement is false regarding FGF-23?
Select one:
a. It is secreted by osteocytes in the bones.
b. Calcitriol and hyperphosphatemia stimulate FGF-23 expression
c. FGF-23 induces left ventricular hypertrophy.
d. FGF-23 stimulates the tubular phosphate reabsorption.

Answer 6

D

Question 7

9) Which statement is true regarding calcium and phosphate metabolism?
Select one or more:
a. Vitamin D synthesis is induced by increased serum phosphate level in kidney.
b. FGF-23 blocks the synthesis of vitamin D in the kidney.
c. PTH secretion is induced by increased serum phosphate level.
d. FGF-23 synthesis is induced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D

Answer 7

B/C/D

Question 8

10) Which mechanisms contribute to increased cardiovascular risk in chronic kidney disesase?
Select one or more:
a. Low serum phosphate level
b. Increased level of FGF-23
c. Accelerated atherosclerosis
d. Increased deposition of cholesterol, calcium and phosphate in vessel walls

Answer 8

B/C

Question 9

11) What are common complications of thyroidectomy?
Select one or more:
a. injury of the recurrent laryngeal nerve
b. Hungry bone syndrome
c. DiGeorge syndrome
d. hypoparathyroidism

Answer 9

A/B/D

Question 10

12) Which disease is not characterized by hypercalcemia?
Select one:
a. granulomatous diseases
b. primary hyperparathyroidism
c. secondary hyperparathyroidism
d. Paget disease

Answer 10

A

Question 11

13) What is the total calcium reference range?
Select one:
a. 5-3 mmol/l
b. 0-1 mmol/l
c. 2-6 mmol/l
d. 2-8 mmol/

Answer 11

C

Question 12

14) Osteoporosis may develop due to
Select one or more:
a. renal disease
b. glucocorticoids
c. epilepsy
d. mineralocorticoids

Answer 12

A/B

Question 13

15) Paget disease is characterized by the following, except:
Select one:
a. hypervascular bones
b. hypocalcemia
c. pain, pathologic fractures
d. bone deformity

Answer 13

B

Question 14

16) FGF23 may cause the following
Select one or more:
a. cardiac hypertrophy
b. stimulation of 1-alpha-hydroxylase activity
c. tachycardia
d. stimulation of 24-hydroxylase

Answer 14

A/D

Question 15

17) How much calcium is present in the bones and teeth in the form of hydroxylapatite?
Select one:
a. 750 g
b. 2000 g
c. 1100 g
d. 1500 g

Answer 15

C

Question 16

18) Which serum calcium level may cause laryngospasm?
Select one:
a. 4 mM
b. 2 mM
c. 0 mM
d. 6 mM

Answer 16

C

Question 17

20) Which of the following may be signs of severe hypocalcemia:
Select one or more:
a. tetany
b. peptic ulcer
c. QT interval prolongation
d. diabetes insipidus

Answer 17

A/C

Question 18

21) Primary hyperparathyroidism is characterized by the following, except:
Select one:
a. hypocalcemia
b. pancreatitis
c. nephrolithiasis
d. hypercalciuria

Answer 18

A

Question 19

22) The following mechanisms may contribute to cancer-associated hypercalcemia. Which
statement is false?
Select one:
a. tumor cells produce osteoprotegerin (OPG)
b. tumor cells produce PTHrP
c. cancer may induce local osteolysis
d. tumor cells produce RANKL

Answer 19

A

Question 20

23) Which medication is not used for osteoporosis treatment?
Select one:
a. selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)
b. RANKL agonists
c. vitamin K2
d. rhPTH

Answer 20

B

Question 21

24) PTH directly causes the following, except:
Select one:
a. inhibition of osteogenesis
b. smooth muscle contraction
c. cardiac hypertrophy
d. positive chronotropy

Answer 21

B

Question 22

25) What are the characteristics of renal failure-induced secondary hyperparathyroidism?
Select one or more:
a. Increased vitamin D level
b. Hyperphosphatemia
c. Parathyroid hyperplasia
d. Reduction of PTH reactivity in the bones

Answer 22

B/C/D

Question 23

26) Which one is not the function of parathormone:
Select one:
a. Inhibition of osteoclasts
b. Stimulation of calcitriol production
c. Inhibition of osteoblasts
d. Stimulation of Ca2+ reabsorption in the renal tubules

Answer 23

A

Question 24

26) Which one is not the function of parathormone:
Select one:
a. Inhibition of osteoclasts
b. Stimulation of calcitriol production.
c. Inhibition of osteoblasts
d. Stimulation of Ca2+ reabsorption in the renal tubules

Answer 24

A

Question 25

5) Signs of hypercalcemia:
Select one or more:
a. muscle weakness
b. tremor
c. atrial fibrillation
d. cardiac arrest

Answer 25

A/C/D