cdh Flashcards
1) In the myocardium of patients with heart failure
1. ATP level decreases
2. phosphocreatine level decreases
3. the percentage of fatty acid oxidation decreases
4. the percentage of glucose oxidation decreases
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2) It is true about the loss of myocardial cells in heart failure
1. it may be caused by apoptosis
2. its speed is 10-100 times higher than in healthy subjects
3. it may be caused by autolysis
4. Its speed is faster only if the heart failure is caused by ischemic heart disease
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3) It has beneficial effect in heart failure
1. aldosterone antagonist
2. If inhibitor
3. sildenafil (Viagra)
4. selective COX-2 inhibitor
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4) Immediate compensation mechanism in heart failure
1. Frank–Starling mechanism
2. sympathetic stimulation
3. salt and water retention
4. myocardial hypertrophy
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5) Symptoms of left sided heart failure
1. pulmonary congestion
2. dyspnea
3. nycturia
4. hepatomegaly
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6) Drugs used in the treatment of chronic heart failure
1. diuretic therapy – to decrease fluid retention
2. certain vasodilators
3. increase contractility – digitalis
4. vasoconstrictors
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7) Result of forward failure in left sided heart failure
1. fatigue, weakness
2. pulmonary congestion, dyspnea
3. orthopnea
4. hepatomegaly
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8) Characteristic symptoms of right-sided heart failure
1. hepatomegaly
2. edema
3. distended neck veins
4. dyspnea
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9) Chronic heart failure may be caused by
1. hypertension
2. valvular heart disease
3. coronary heart disease (CHD)
4. hyperkalemia
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10) Which drugs prolong the survival in heart failure
1. ACE inhibitors
2. angiotensin receptor blockers
3. beta-blockers
4. vasodilators
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11) Which of the following physical findings may suggest heart failure?
1. edema
2. hepatomegaly
3. distended neck veins
4. crepitation at the base of the lungs
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12) Which symptoms in patient history may suggest heart failure?
1. dyspnea
2. nycturia
3. orthopnea
4. burning pain at the apex of the heart
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13) May be a symptom of left heart failure
1. pulmonary edema
2. nycturia
3. weakness
4. peripheral edema
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14) May be a symptom of left heart failure
1. hydrothorax
2. abdominal discomfort
3. increased blood content of the jugular/cervical veins
4. pulmonary edema
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15) May be an underlying cause of heart failure
1. Hypertension
2. cardiomyopathy
3. valvular heart disease
4. renal failure
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16) Precipitating factors in heart failure
1. fever
2. hyperthyroidism
3. increased salt intake
4. increased fat intake
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17) Precipitating factors in heart failure
1. drug effect
2. myocarditis
3. arrhythmia
4. myocardial ischemia
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18) Part of the hemodynamic defense reaction
1. vasodilation
2. cardiac stimulation
3. myocardial hypertrophy
4. salt and water retention
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19) The ejection fraction in a healthy subject is
1. 35–55%
2. 55–75%
3. 75–95%
4. 95–100%
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20) Possible causative factor of heart failure:
1. hypertension
2. alcoholism
3. pulmonary embolism
4. myocarditis
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21) These drugs are used in the treatment of heart failure. Choose the matching drug-effect pairs!
1. ACE inhibitors – inhibit the RAAS
2. beta-blockers – decrease the sympathetic activity
3. digitalis drugs – have positive inotropic effect
4. diuretics – decrease the afterload
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22) Compensatory mechanisms in heart failure
1. increased salt and water retention
2. anemia
3. hypertrophy of the left ventricle
4. peripheral vasodilation
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23) The cardiac output in a healthy adult
1. 2,5 l/min
2. 3 l/min
3. 4 l/min
4. 5 l/min
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24) Cardiac output may be increased by
1. Increasing EF (ejection fraction)
2. the Frank-Starling mechanism
3. shortening the diastole duration
4. increasing cortisol secretion
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25) Possible consequence of increased atrial frequency
1. appearance of non-conducted beats
2. deterioration of coronary blood filling
3. palpitation
4. P-pulmonale
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26) Ways to ncrease preload in a healthy subject
1. increasing the end diastolic volume
2. decreasing stroke volume
3. increasing the end diastolic pressure
4. increasing the duration of diastole
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27) Preload is determined by
1. distension capability (lusitropy) of the ventricle
2. ventricular function
3. CVP (central venous pressure)
4. circulatory volume
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28) The normal value for the CVP (central venous pressure)
1. 4 mmHg
2. 7 mmHg
3. 15 mmHg
4. 11 mmHg
5. 20 mmHg
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29) Response(s) in heart failure
1. water retention
2. appearance of fetal myosin-forms
3. remodeling of the myocardium
4. increases in parasympathetic tone
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30) May lead to decompensation of heart failure
1. arrhythmia
2. infection
3. myocardial ischaemia
4. severe anaemia
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31) Heart failure may be caused by
1. orthostatic hypotension
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Pathophysiology 1 MCQs - Team effort
2. alcoholism
3. increased salt intake
4. valvular heart disease
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32) May lead to decompensation of heart failure
1. infection
2. acut salt load as a consequence of nourishment
3. atrial fibrillation
4. pulmonary embolism
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