energy balance Flashcards
1.May play a role in cachexia formation: Select one: decreased thyroid function increased red blood cell production diabetes mellitus type 2 advanced cancer acute myocardial infarction
d
2.The postprandial period is characterized by: Select one: decreased protein synthesis glycogen break down triglyceride-synthesis endogenous glucose source lipolysis
c
3.In starvation, it is true in relation to the dynamics of nutrient loss except :
Select one:
the reduction of stored protein is initially slower than that of stored fat
the reduction of stored protein is accelerated towards the very end of starvation
decreases in stored fat is more rapid compared to that of stored protein
after 8 weeks, the amount of stored fat does not exceed 15% of the starting amount
stored carbohydrate becomes extinct within a few days
e
4.Effect(s) of leptin: Select one or more: increases heat emission increases physical activity decreases heat generation decrease hunger sensation
a/d
5.True statement(s) about obesity types:
Select one or more:
Android type obesity is a risk factor for diabetes mellitus
Hypertrophic type is typically formed in adulthood
In apple type obesity, the ratio of waist to hip circumference is elevated
Apple type obesity is predominantly characteristic to men
a/b/c/d
6.Energy need is increased in: Select one or more: ascites wound healing apathy decreased thyroid function
b
7.the first therapeutic choice if metabolic syndrome is suspected:
Select one or more:
decrease of heart rate
lifestyle changes
decrease of blood pressure with ACE-inhibitors
decrease of blood pressure with diuretics
decrease blood glucose level with insulin
b
8.May cause obesity, except : Select one or more: glomerulonephritis alteration in leptin regulation decreases in heat generation capability decreases in energy consumption excess food intake
a/d
9.Assessment options of obesity, except? Select one: Metabolic index Relative body mass (%) Measuring waist circumference Broca-index Body mass index (BMI
a
10.True statements about hormons participating in the regulation of the caloric cycle except: Select one or more: insulin has lipolytic effect glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis cortisol stimulates proteolysis thyroid hormon inhibits lipolysis
a/d
11.Assessment options of obesity? Select one or more: Electromyography 81 Pathophysiology 1 MCQs - Team effort measuring skin folding thickness Body mass index (BMI) Measuring waist circumference
b/c/d
12.True statement(s) about obesity:
Select one or more:
Android type obesity is a risk factor for diabetes mellitus type I
Hyperplastic type is typically formed in adulthood
Apple type obesity has worse prognosis compared to pear type
Its prevalence increases in the last year in developed countries
c/d
13.If an examined person's BMI is 32.1 kg/m2, his/her classification: Select one or more: obesity grade II pre-obesity obesity grade I normal bodyweight
c
14.Diagnostic procedures applied in testing for obesity, except: Select one: electromyography measuring waist circumference measuring skin folding thickness Body mass index (BMI) calculation
a
15.May play a role in the catabolic processes characterizing cachexia Select one: complement activation increased glycation ubiquitin-proteosome system mitochondrial terminal oxidation Fatty acid oxidation
e
16.Correct statements about substrate level regulation of the caloric cycle:
Select one or more:
elevated glucose level inhibits fatty acid synthesis
products of β-oxidation inhibit gluconeogenesis
elevated fatty acid levels enhance glycogenolysis
Elevated fatty acid levels inhibits cellular glucose uptake
c/d
17.Typical complication of obesity:
Select one or more:
Haemolytic anaemia
82
Hypertension
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Lung fibrosis
b/c
18.Select one: 1100 kcal/day 2300 kcal/day 2000 kcal/day 1700 kcal/day 1400 kcal/day
c
19.True statement(s) about obesity classification according to BMI: Select one or more: 25 ≤ BMI ≤29,9 preobesity 35≤ BMI ≤ 39,9 is obesity grade I BMI ≤18,5 malnutrition BMI ≥ 40 extreme obesity
a/c/d
20.Obesity is in bidirectional risk relationship with the following disease(s): Select one or more: type I diabetes mellitus ischemic heart disease malignancies liver diseases
a/b/c/d
21.The basic metabolic rate is influenced by: Select one: none of the statements hormonal metabolism age body surface all 3 statements are valid
a/b/c/d
22.Possible mechanism(s) for obesity formation:
Select one or more:
decreases in energy consumption
blood supply alterations of adipose tissue
decreases in heat generation
excess food intake
c/d
23.Marasmus is characterized by: 83 Pathophysiology 1 MCQs - Team effort Select one or more: lack of edema formation simultaneous inflammation anorexia nervosa and cachexia represent marasmus type diseases in developed countries significantly decreased albumin level
a/c
24. Daily energy need of a 25 year old, healthy man with 75 kg body weight with average physical activity: Select one: 1700 kcal/day 2600 kcal/day 2000 kcal/day 2300 kcal/day 3000 kcal/day
b
25.The respective person is overweight if his/her BMI: Select one or more: 21 kg/m2 27 kg/m2 35 kg/m2 31 kg/m2 24 kg/m2
b/c/d
26.Anorexia nervosa is characterized by: Select one or more: highest frequency in adolescence decreased cortisol level increased body temperature tachycardia
a
27.False statement(s) regarding obesity:
Select one or more:
Android type obesity is a risk factor for diabetes mellitus type I
Apple type obesity has worse prognosis compared to pear type
It belongs to alterations related to civilization
Its prevalence increases in the last year in developed countries
Hyperplastic type is typically formed in childhood
a
28.If an examined person's BMI is 32.1 kg/mz, his/her classification: Select one or more: pre-obesity normal bodyweight obesity grade I obesity grade II
c
29.The caloric cycle is characterized, except:
Select one:
amino acids are metabolized to pyruvate
the mass of stored fat exceeds that of stored protein
triglycerides are hydrolyzed to fatty acids and glycerol
the mass of glycogen stores does not reach the of 1/20 of stored fat
fatty acids can be transformed to glucose
e
30.Conditions associated with increased energy need except: Select one or more: pre-obesity trauma malignancy febrile state
a
31.Assessment options of obesity? Select one or more: Body mass index (BMI) Broca-index Metabolic index Measuring waist circumference
a/b/d
32.Mechanism of hypertension formation in obesity:
Select one or more:
Elevated serum triglyceride level
Decreased physical activity
The increased amount of adipose tissue increases peripheral resistance
Enhanced propensity to diabetes mellitus
Increased gravitational strain on the vessel system
b/c
33.Typical alteration in metabolic syndrome, except : plasma lipid level alterations hyperthyroidism hypertension obesity hyperglycaemia
b
34.Intensification of the basic metabolic rate can be observed:
in adreanal gland hypofunction
in adapted starvation
85
in inherited metabolic disorder
in autoimmune disease
in hyperthyroidism
e
35.Malnutrition can be suspected except : skin-hair-nail alterations elevated lymphocyte count BMI<18.5 kg/m 2 vitamin deficiency
b
36.The postabsorption stage of the alimentation cycle is characterized by:
in the muscles, glucose uptake is decreased
the brain primarily utilizes fatty acids as energy source
increasing ketone body production in the liver
unchanged glucose utilization in the medulla of the kidneys
a/c/d
37.The basic metabolic rate is influenced by: body surface all of the above heart rate autoimmune disease
a
38.What is the dimension of body mass index Select one Kg/dm3 kg/l g/l kg/m2 m/cm
d
39.Characteristic laboratory alterations in malnutrition Select one Decreased lymphocyte count Decreased plasma zinc level Decreased serum albumin levels None of mentioned All mentioned above
e
40.True about leptin Select one or more It decreased hunger sensation Small steran frame molecule 86 Pathophysiology 1 MCQs - Team effort It is synthesized in the liver Kidney transformation is needed for its activity It influences hypophysis function
a
41.Kwashiorkor is characterized by: Select one or more: apathia decreased serum albumin level liver steatosis ascites
a/b/c/d
42.During the differentiation process of adipous tissue the ration between the white and brown adipous tissue can be altered. Select one: True False
true
43.False statements about obesity:
Select one or more:
May be caused by increased food intake as a consequence of civilization
Obesity formed in older age has worse prognosis
It is more frequent in low income populations
May be caused by decreased physical activity as a consequence of lifestyle changes
Inherited components play important role in its formation
b/c
44.During evolutionary selection those individuals stayed longer alive with a better chance who had an inferior energy storing capacity. Select one: True False
false
45.True statements about leptin: Select one or more: it is produced by the adipose tissue it indirectly increases sympathetic activity it decreases food intake it inhibits heat generation
a/b/c
46.Possible mechanism(s) for obesity formation except:
Select one or more:
decreases in heat generation
blood supply alterations of adipose tissue
excess food intake
87
decreases in energy consumption
b/d
47.the basic metabolic rate is influenced by select one blood pressure all of the above body surface heart rate autoimmune disease
c
48.correct statements about keton bodies
select one or more
the smell of exhaled air can indicate their presence during physical examination
neurons are capable to generate acetyl CoA from ketone bodies
their concentration is the highest in postabsorption stage of starvation
the largest keton body user is the liver
a/b
49.during evolutionary selection those induviduals stayed longer alive with a better chance who had an inferior
energy storing capacity
true
false
false
50.early, non adapted starvation is characterized by
select one or more
decreased ketone body utilization in the brain
decreased glucose utilization in RBC
gluconeogenesis in the liver and kidney cortex
enhanced glycogenolysis in the liver
c
51.Correct statements about hormonal level regulation of the caloric cycle:
Select one or more:
insulin inhibits protein synthesis
epinephrine (adrenalin) has a lipolytic effect
insulin has a lipolytic effect
glucagon enhances gluconeogenesis
b/d
52.Possible mechanism(s) for obesity formation:
Select one or more:
decreases in energy consumption
excess food intake
decreases in heat generation
blood supply alterations of adipose tissue
b/c
53.Possible mechanism(s) for obesity formation:
Select one or more:
decreases in heat generation
decreases in energy consumption
excess food intake
Blood supply alterations of adipose tissue
a/c
54.True statements about the leptin gene:
Select one or more:
it is produced in insufficient amounts in obesity
leptin-resistance is presumed in obesity
it affects hypophysis function
it is coded by the ob-gene
b/d
55.True statements about hormons participating in the regulation of the caloric cycle: Select one or more: glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis cortisol stimulates proteolysis insulin has lipolytic effect thyroid hormon inhibits lipolysis
a/b
56.True statements about hormons participating in the regulation of the caloric cycle: Select one or more: insulin has lipolytic effect thyroid hormon inhibits lipolysis cortisol stimulates proteolysis glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis
c/d
57.Characteristic of late adapted fasting
Select one or more:
decreased ketone body utilisation in the brain
decreased glucose utilization in the brain
unchanged glucose utilization in erythrocytes
significant glycogenolysis in the liver
b/c
58.Possible mechanism(s) for obesity formation:
Select one or more:
decreases in energy consumption
excess food intake
decreases in heat generation
blood supply alterations of adipose tissue
b/c
59.Select one or more: insulin has a lipolytic effect glucagon enhances gluconeogenesis epinephrine (adrenalin) has a lipolytic effect insulin inhibits protein synthesis
b/c
60.The postabsorption stage of the alimentation cycle is characterized by:
Select one or more:
low insulin/glucagon ratio
decreasing fatty acid supply
in the muscles, the energy source tissue is primarily glucose
glycogenolysis
a/d
61.Select one:
amino acids are metabolized to pyruvate
triglycerides are hydrolyzed to fatty acids and glycerol
the mass of stored fat exceeds that of stored protein
fatty acids can be transformed to glucose
the mass of glycogen stores does not reach the of 1/20 of stored ft
a/b
62.Ketosis can be formed as a consequence of: Select one or more: vomiting alcoholism diabetes mellitus type 2 starvation
a/b/d
63.If an examined person's BMI is 32.1 kg / m 2 , his / her classification: Select one or more: obesity grade I obesity grade II normal bodyweight pre-obesity
a
64.Possible mechanism (s) for obesity formation:
Select one or more:
decreases in heat generation
excess food intake
blood supply alterations of adipose tissue
b
65.Typical alteration in metabolic syndrome, except : Select one or more: hyperthyroidism obesity hypertension plasma lipid level alterations hyperglycemia
a
70.The post-absorption stage of the feeding cycle is characterized by:
Select one or more:
unchanged glucose utilization in the medulla of the kidneys
increasing ketone body production in the liver
in the muscles, glucose uptake is reduced
the brain primarily uses fatty acids as energy source
a/b/c
71.During the differentiation process of adipous tissue, the ration between the white and the brown adipous tissue can be altered. Select one: True False
true
.72. Typical complication of obesity: disease of the skeletal system malignancy autoimmune disease gallstone
a/b/d
73.The statement about hormones participating in the regulation of the caloric cycle EXCEPT: insulin has lipolytic effect cortisol stimulates proteolysis glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis thyroid hormone inhibits lipolysis
c
.74 Ketosis can be formed as a consequence of: vomiting Starvation diabetes mellitus type 2 alcoholism
a/b/d
.75 Characteristic of late adapted fasting
91
Pathophysiology 1 MCQs - Team effort
unchanged glucose utilization in erythrocytes
decreased glucose utilization in the brain
decreased ketone body utilization in the brain
significant glycogenolysis in the liver
a/c
76.Conditions associated with increased energy need: Select one or more: febrile state malignancy trauma pre-obesity
a/b/c
77.Possible mechanism(s) for obesity formation: Select one or more:
excess food intake
decreases in energy consumption
blood supply alterations of adipose tissue
decreases in heat generation
a/d
78.What is the main organ of the regulation of the energetic (caloric) cycle? Select one: the kidneys the brain the bone tissu the adipose tissue the lungs
b/d
79.The postabsorption stage of the alimentation cycle is characterized by:
Select one or more:
low insulin/glucagon ratio
in the muscles, the energy source tissue is primarily glucose
glycogenolysis
decreasing fatty acid supply
a/c
