hypertension Flashcards
1
Q
1. Hypertension may cause the following: Select one or more: A. Chest pain B. Dizziness C. Positional vertigo, blurred vision D. Fatigue
A
a/b/c/d
2
Q
2. Which factors promote the proliferation of smooth muscle cells? Select one or more: A. NO B. Prostacyclin C. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) D. Endothelin
A
c/d
3
Q
3. Which factors inhibit the proliferation of smooth muscle cells? Select one or more: A. Kinins (bradykinin and kallidin) B. Prostacyclin C. Angiotensin II D. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)
A
a/b
4
Q
- Which statements are true about the treatment of hypertension
Select one or more:
A. A combination of lifestyle changes and drug treatment may be necessary
B. A healthy a diet is recommended: low salt and fat content but rich in dietary fiber
C. Treating the secondary causes of hypertension is necessary
D. The therapeutic target value is 150/90 mmHg
A
a/b/c
5
Q
- Which statements are true about the treatment of hypertension
Select one or more:
A. A combination of lifestyle changes and drug treatment may be necessary
B. A healthy a diet is recommended: low salt and fat content but rich in dietary fiber
C. Treating the secondary causes of hypertension is necessary
D. The therapeutic target value is 150/90 mmHg
A
a/b/c
6
Q
5. What are the complications of hypertension? Select one or more: A. Stroke B. Heart failure C. Chronic renal failure D. Peripheral vascular disease
A
a/b/c/d
7
Q
6. What are the complications of hypertension? Select one or more: a. Retinopathy and blindness b. Heart failure c. Stroke d. Polycystic renal disease
A
a/b/c
8
Q
- Which statements are true about growth factors:
Select one or more:
A. They increase the diameter of blood vessels
B. They promote the thickening of vessel walls
C. They increase the body height
D. They increase the blood flow
A
b
9
Q
8. What percentage of hypertension results from a secondary cause? Select one: A. 80-90 % B. 5-10% C. 1-2% D. 30-40%
A
no answer
10
Q
- Hypertension is defined by the following parameters:
Select one:
A. Systolic value > 140 mmHg, diastolic value > 90 mmHg
B. Systolic value > 130 mmHg, diastolic value > 80 mmHg
C. Systolic value > 145 mmHg, diastolic value > 95 mmHg
D. Systolic value > 135 mmHg, diastolic value > 85 mmHg
A
a
11
Q
11. Factors influencing mean arterial pressure (MAP): Select one or more: A. contractility B. cardiac output C. heart rate D. total peripheral resistance
A
a/b/c/d
12
Q
12. Factors/causes influencing essential hypertension: Select one or more: A. kidney disease B. excessive alcohol consumption C. high NaCl-intake D. psychosocial stress
A
b/c/d
13
Q
- Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) may have the following effects:
Select one or more:
a. urinary sodium loss with fluid retention
b. diuretic effect
c. urinary sodium loss
d. antiproliferative effect
A
b/c
14
Q
The recommended salt intake in hypertension is 10-12 g/day.
Select one:
A. True
B. False
A
b
15
Q
- Which statements are true about renovascular hypertension?
Select one or more:
A. Secondary hyperaldosteronism decreases the sodium reabsorption in
the kidney
B. Renin reduces the blood pressure
C. In renovascular hypertension, plasma renin activity can be normal or
elevated in response to reduced renal blood flow
D. In the pathomechanism of renovascular hypertension, the renin angiotensinAldosterone -system (RAAS) plays a decisive role
A
d
16
Q
- What is the mechanism of hyperaldosteronism induced hypertension?
Select one:
a. increased intracellular calcium levels in smooth muscle cells
b. increased sodium retention thereby increasing a intravascular volume
c. decreased potassium secretion in the kidney
d. I ncreased plasma potassium leve
A
b
17
Q
- What is isolated systolic hypertension?
Select one:
a. systolic ≤120 mmHg, diastolic ≤70 mmHg
b. systolic ≤125 mmHg, diastolic ≤75 mmHgm
c. systolic ≤130 mmHg, diastolic ≤80 mmHg
d. systolic ≥ 140 mmHg, diastolic <90 mmHg
A
d
18
Q
17. What are the potential central nervous system disorders in hypertension? Select one or more: a. Ruptured brain aneurysm b. Huntington's disease c. Parkinson's disease d. Hemorrhagic stroke
A
a/d
19
Q
- Which statements are true about the treatment of hypertension?
Select one or more:
a. A healthy diet is recommended: low salt and fat content but rich in
dietary fiber
b. A combination of lifestyle changes and drug treatment may be
necessary
c. The therapeutic target value is 150/90 mmHg
d. Treating the secondary causes of hypertension is necessary
A
a/b/d
20
Q
19. Hypertension may lead to the following complications: Select one or more: a. glomerulopathy b. retinal hemorrhage c. cataract d. left ventricular hypertrophy
A
b/d
21
Q
- Which statements are true about bradykinin?
Select one or more:
a. It relaxes the blood vessels
b. It is a vasoconstrictor
c. It promotes the production of NO and prostaglandin in endothelial
cells
d. It increases the blood pressure
A
a
22
Q
- Main effects of angiotensin II through AT1 receptors:
Select one or more:
a. vasoconstriction resulting in blood pressure increases
b. enhances renin production
c. decreases of aldosterone secretion
d. increases kidney blood flow
A
a
23
Q
- Essential hypertension accounts for 5% of all cases of hypertension
Select one:
A. True
B. False
A
b
24
Q
- Which statements are true about growth factors?
Select one or more:
a. They increase the body height
b. They increase the blood flow
c. they promote the thickening of vessel walls
d. They increase the diameter of blood vessels
A
c
25
Q
24. As a result of prolonged hypertension, which alterations affect the vessel wall: Select one or more: a. increasing endothelial damage b. decreasing vessel wall permeability c. increasing vessel wall elasticity d. increasing shear stress at blood flow
A
a
26
Q
25. Which factors affect the blood pressure? Select one or more: a. heart rate b. serum ALP activity c. renal function d. sympathetic nervous system activity
A
a/c/d
27
Q
- Which one is isolated hypertension?
Select one or more:
a. hypertension in the pulmonary circulation
b. hypertension in the systemic circulation
c. portal hypertension
d. renovascular hypertension
A
c/d
28
Q
- A third of patients with high blood pressure are overweight.
Select one:
A. True
B. False
A
a
29
Q
- Which statements are false?
Select one or more:
a. The conversion of renin to angiotensin I is catalyzed by the ACE
b. angiotensin I is the only known substrate of renin
c. angiotensin II is a strong vasopressor: it induces arterial contraction
and increases the blood pressure
d. ACE inhibitors are antihypertensive drugs
A
a
30
Q
29. Which factors play role in the pathogenesis of hypertension: Select one or more: a. physical inactivity b. smoking c. genetic factors d. high salt intake
A
a/b/c/d
31
Q
30. Atherosclerotic lesions may be visualized in the carotid artery by ultrasound imaging Select one: A. True B. False
A
a
32
Q
31. Possible causes of secondary hypertension: Select one or more: a. primary hyperaldosteronism b. increased salt intake c. sleep apnea d. Cushing’s syndrome
A
a/b/d