hypertension

Question 1

1. Hypertension may cause the following:
Select one or more:
A. Chest pain
B. Dizziness
C. Positional vertigo, blurred vision
D. Fatigue

Answer 1

a/b/c/d

Question 2

2. Which factors promote the proliferation of smooth muscle cells?
Select one or more:
A. NO
B. Prostacyclin
C. Epidermal growth factor (EGF)
D. Endothelin

Answer 2

c/d

Question 3

3. Which factors inhibit the proliferation of smooth muscle cells?
Select one or more:
A. Kinins (bradykinin and kallidin)
B. Prostacyclin
C. Angiotensin II
D. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)

Answer 3

a/b

Question 4

4. Which statements are true about the treatment of hypertension
   Select one or more:
   A. A combination of lifestyle changes and drug treatment may be necessary
   B. A healthy a diet is recommended: low salt and fat content but rich in dietary fiber
   C. Treating the secondary causes of hypertension is necessary
   D. The therapeutic target value is 150/90 mmHg

Answer 4

a/b/c

Question 5

4. Which statements are true about the treatment of hypertension
   Select one or more:
   A. A combination of lifestyle changes and drug treatment may be necessary
   B. A healthy a diet is recommended: low salt and fat content but rich in dietary fiber
   C. Treating the secondary causes of hypertension is necessary
   D. The therapeutic target value is 150/90 mmHg

Answer 5

a/b/c

Question 6

5. What are the complications of hypertension?
Select one or more:
A. Stroke
B. Heart failure
C. Chronic renal failure
D. Peripheral vascular disease

Answer 6

a/b/c/d

Question 7

6. What are the complications of hypertension?
Select one or more:
a. Retinopathy and blindness
b. Heart failure
c. Stroke
d. Polycystic renal disease

Answer 7

a/b/c

Question 8

7. Which statements are true about growth factors:
   Select one or more:
   A. They increase the diameter of blood vessels
   B. They promote the thickening of vessel walls
   C. They increase the body height
   D. They increase the blood flow

Answer 8

b

Question 9

8. What percentage of hypertension results from a secondary cause?
Select one:
A. 80-90 %
B. 5-10%
C. 1-2%
D. 30-40%

Answer 9

no answer

Question 10

10. Hypertension is defined by the following parameters:
    Select one:
    A. Systolic value > 140 mmHg, diastolic value > 90 mmHg
    B. Systolic value > 130 mmHg, diastolic value > 80 mmHg
    C. Systolic value > 145 mmHg, diastolic value > 95 mmHg
    D. Systolic value > 135 mmHg, diastolic value > 85 mmHg

Answer 10

a

Question 11

11. Factors influencing mean arterial pressure (MAP):
Select one or more:
A. contractility
B. cardiac output
C. heart rate
D. total peripheral resistance

Answer 11

a/b/c/d

Question 12

12. Factors/causes influencing essential hypertension:
Select one or more:
A. kidney disease
B. excessive alcohol consumption
C. high NaCl-intake
D. psychosocial stress

Answer 12

b/c/d

Question 13

13. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) may have the following effects:
    Select one or more:
    a. urinary sodium loss with fluid retention
    b. diuretic effect
    c. urinary sodium loss
    d. antiproliferative effect

Answer 13

b/c

Question 14

The recommended salt intake in hypertension is 10-12 g/day.
Select one:
A. True
B. False

Answer 14

b

Question 15

14. Which statements are true about renovascular hypertension?
    Select one or more:
    A. Secondary hyperaldosteronism decreases the sodium reabsorption in
    the kidney
    B. Renin reduces the blood pressure
    C. In renovascular hypertension, plasma renin activity can be normal or
    elevated in response to reduced renal blood flow
    D. In the pathomechanism of renovascular hypertension, the renin angiotensinAldosterone -system (RAAS) plays a decisive role

Answer 15

d

Question 16

15. What is the mechanism of hyperaldosteronism induced hypertension?
    Select one:
    a. increased intracellular calcium levels in smooth muscle cells
    b. increased sodium retention thereby increasing a intravascular volume
    c. decreased potassium secretion in the kidney
    d. I ncreased plasma potassium leve

Answer 16

b

Question 17

16. What is isolated systolic hypertension?
    Select one:
    a. systolic ≤120 mmHg, diastolic ≤70 mmHg
    b. systolic ≤125 mmHg, diastolic ≤75 mmHgm
    c. systolic ≤130 mmHg, diastolic ≤80 mmHg
    d. systolic ≥ 140 mmHg, diastolic <90 mmHg

Answer 17

d

Question 18

17. What are the potential central nervous system disorders in
hypertension?
Select one or more:
a. Ruptured brain aneurysm
b. Huntington's disease
c. Parkinson's disease
d. Hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 18

a/d

Question 19

18. Which statements are true about the treatment of hypertension?
    Select one or more:
    a. A healthy diet is recommended: low salt and fat content but rich in
    dietary fiber
    b. A combination of lifestyle changes and drug treatment may be
    necessary
    c. The therapeutic target value is 150/90 mmHg
    d. Treating the secondary causes of hypertension is necessary

Answer 19

a/b/d

Question 20

19. Hypertension may lead to the following complications:
Select one or more:
a. glomerulopathy
b. retinal hemorrhage
c. cataract
d. left ventricular hypertrophy

Answer 20

b/d

Question 21

20. Which statements are true about bradykinin?
    Select one or more:
    a. It relaxes the blood vessels
    b. It is a vasoconstrictor
    c. It promotes the production of NO and prostaglandin in endothelial
    cells
    d. It increases the blood pressure

Answer 21

a

Question 22

21. Main effects of angiotensin II through AT1 receptors:
    Select one or more:
    a. vasoconstriction resulting in blood pressure increases
    b. enhances renin production
    c. decreases of aldosterone secretion
    d. increases kidney blood flow

Answer 22

a

Question 23

22. Essential hypertension accounts for 5% of all cases of hypertension
    Select one:
    A. True
    B. False

Answer 23

b

Question 24

23. Which statements are true about growth factors?
    Select one or more:
    a. They increase the body height
    b. They increase the blood flow
    c. they promote the thickening of vessel walls
    d. They increase the diameter of blood vessels

Answer 24

c

Question 25

``` 24. As a result of prolonged hypertension, which alterations affect the vessel wall: Select one or more: a. increasing endothelial damage b. decreasing vessel wall permeability c. increasing vessel wall elasticity d. increasing shear stress at blood flow ```

Answer 25

a

Question 26

``` 25. Which factors affect the blood pressure? Select one or more: a. heart rate b. serum ALP activity c. renal function d. sympathetic nervous system activity ```

Answer 26

a/c/d

Question 27

26. Which one is isolated hypertension? Select one or more: a. hypertension in the pulmonary circulation b. hypertension in the systemic circulation c. portal hypertension d. renovascular hypertension

Answer 27

c/d

Question 28

27. A third of patients with high blood pressure are overweight. Select one: A. True B. False

Answer 28

a

Question 29

28. Which statements are false? Select one or more: a. The conversion of renin to angiotensin I is catalyzed by the ACE b. angiotensin I is the only known substrate of renin c. angiotensin II is a strong vasopressor: it induces arterial contraction and increases the blood pressure d. ACE inhibitors are antihypertensive drugs

Answer 29

a

Question 30

``` 29. Which factors play role in the pathogenesis of hypertension: Select one or more: a. physical inactivity b. smoking c. genetic factors d. high salt intake ```

Answer 30

a/b/c/d

Question 31

``` 30. Atherosclerotic lesions may be visualized in the carotid artery by ultrasound imaging Select one: A. True B. False ```

Answer 31

a

Question 32

``` 31. Possible causes of secondary hypertension: Select one or more: a. primary hyperaldosteronism b. increased salt intake c. sleep apnea d. Cushing’s syndrome ```

Answer 32

a/b/d