heart failure Flashcards
1
Q
- Preload is determined by (Select one or more)
a) Lusitopy of the ventricles
b) Ventricular function
c) CVP (central venous pressure)
d) Blood v
A
c/d
2
Q
- The normal value of CVP (Select one)
a) 4 mmhg
b) 7 mmhg
c) 11mmhg
d) 15mmhg
e) 20 mmhg
A
b
3
Q
- Immediate compensation mechanism in heart failure (Select one or more)
a) Sympathetic stimulation
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Pathophysiology 1 MCQs - Team effort
b) Salt and water retention
c) Frank – Starling mechanism
d) Hypertrophy of the myocardium
A
a/c
4
Q
- Which statement is true about cardiac hypertrophy? (Select one or more)
a) Cardiac hypertrophy is always abnormal
b) Hypertrophy is heart failure is harmful in the long run, because it increases the risk for sudden death
c) Hypertrophy in heart failure beneficial in the short run, because it increases contractility
d) Hypertrophy is not correlated with the risk for arrhythmias
A
c
5
Q
- Left sided heart failure may cause (Select one or more)
a) Distended neck veins
b) Fatigue
c) Nycturia
d) Pulmonary congestio
A
b/d
6
Q
- Which of the following physical findings may suggest heart failure? (Select one or more)
a) Edema
b) Distended neck veins
c) Crepitation at the base of the lungs
d) Hepatomegaly
A
a/b/c/d
7
Q
- Which treatments are used in chronic heart failure: (Select one or more)
a) Digitalis to increase contractility
b) Vasoconstrictors to increase BP
c) Diuretic therapy to induce fluid retention
d) ACE inhibitors to decrease aldosterone effect
A
a/d
8
Q
- Decomposition of heart failure may be caused by: (Select one or more)
a) Pulmonary embolism
b) Intercurrent infection
c) Increased dietary salt intake
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d) Atrial fibrillation
A
a/b/c/d
9
Q
0. Which complaints may suggest heart failure? Select one or more: a. nycturia b. orthopnea c. dyspnea d. burning pain at the apex of the heart
A
a/b/c/d
10
Q
11. It may be beneficial in heart failure: Select one or more: a. inhibitor of the If current b. selective COX-2 inhibitor c. aldosterone antagonist d. sildenafil (Viagra)
A
a/c/d
11
Q
12. Precipitating causes of heart failure include: Select one or more: a. Myocarditis b. Arrhythmia c. drug effect d. myocardial ischemia
A
a/b/c/d
12
Q
3. Chronic heart failure may be caused by: Select one or more: a. hyperkalemia b. hypertension c. valvular heart disease d. CHD
A
b/c/d
13
Q
14. The duration of the action potential in myocytes is prolonged in heart failure, increasing the risk of dangerous arrhythmias. Select one: a. True 36 Pathophysiology 1 MCQs - Team effort b. False
A
a
14
Q
- It is true about the therapy of heart failure:
Select one or more:
a. the use of diuretics is not necessary any more
b. digitalis improves symptoms
c. β blockers are contraindicated, because of their negative inotropic effect
d. ARBs improve survival
A
b/d
15
Q
16. Increasing preload in a healthy subject results in: Select one or more: a. increased end diastolic pressure b. increased duration of diastole c. decreased stroke volume d. increased end diastolic volume
A
a/d
16
Q
17.Preload is determined by: Select one or more: a. TPR (total peripheral resistance) b. total blood volume c. ventricular function d. venous return
A
b/d
17
Q
18. Which therapy is known to improve survival of patients with chronic heart failure? Select one or more: a. ACE inhibitors b. Digitalis c. Diuretics d. beta agonists
A
a/c
18
Q
- Select the right treatment - goal pairs in patients with heart failure:
Select one or more:
a. diuretics – to decrease afterload
b. β blocker – to decrease sympathetic activity
c. ACE inhibitor – to decrease the activity of RAAS
A
b/c/d
19
Q
- Patients who live with new type of LVAD (left ventricular assist device) have no pulse.
Select one:
a. True
b. False
A
b
20
Q
- Patients who live with new type of LVAD (left ventricular assist device) have no pulse.
Select one:
a. True
b. False
A
b
21
Q
21. The value of cardiac output in a healthy adult person: Select one: a. 2.5 l/min b. 3 l/min c. 4 l/min d. 5 l/min
A
d
22
Q
22. Cardiac output may be increased by: Select one or more: a. increasing cortisol secretion b. the Frank-Starling mechanism c. increasing the EF (ejection fraction) d. shortening the duration of diastole
A
a/b/c
23
Q
23. Which therapy improves survival in heart failure patients: Select one or more: a. ACE inhibitors b. ARBs c. ß blockers d. any vasodilator
A
a/b/c
24
Q
- In the myocardium of patients with heart failure:
Select one or more:
a. phosphocreatine level is decreased
b. ATP level is decreased
c. the ratio of fatty acid oxidation is decreased
d. the ratio of glucose oxidation is decreased
A
a/b/c
25
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25. The value of ejection fraction in a healthy person is:
Select one:
a. 35–55%
b. 55–75%
c. 75–95%
d. 95–100%
```
b
26
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26. The stroke volume is decreased in patients with myocardial ischemia due to:
Select one or more:
a. shorter duration of diastole
b. decreased inotropy
c. decreased lusitropy
d. decreased preload
```
b
27
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27. Hemodynamic defense reaction includes:
Select one or more:
a. vasodilation
b. hypertrophy of the myocardium
c. salt and water retention
d. cardiac stimulation
```
c/d
28
28. A healthy person and a patient with heart failure produces a higher cardiac output during walking compared to
the resting state. Which statement is true?
Select one or more:
a. The sympathetic tone is not increased in the healthy subject, because he can adequately increase his
cardiac output using the Frank–Starling mechanism
b. The increased sympathetic tone contributes to the higher cardiac output to a significant degree in the patient
c. They produce similar cardiac output
d. The patient uses the Frank–Starling mechanism to a significant degree
d
29
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29. Right sided heart failure may cause:
Select one or more:
a. abdominal discomfort
b. pulmonary edema
c. distended neck veins
d. hydrothorax
```
c/d
30
```
30. Heart failure may be caused by:
Select one or more:
a. pulmonary embolism
b. Alcoholism
c. Myocarditis
d. hypertension
```
a/b/c/d
31
31. Increased atrial rate may cause:
a. impaired coronary perfusion
b. appearance of non-conducted beats
c. P pulmonale
d. palpitation
a/b/d
32
32. Stroke volume is influenced by:
a. sympathetic tone
b. digitalis effect
c. Preload
d. contractility of the ventricles
a/b/c/d
33
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33. Underlying causes of heart failure include:
Select one or more:
a. hypertension
b. valvular heart disease
c. Cardiomyopathy
d. renal failure
```
a/b/c
34
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34. Heart failure results in:
Select one or more:
a. myocardial remodeling
b. appearance of fetal myosin isoforms
c. water retention
d. increased parasympathetic tone
```
a/b/c
35
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35. Myosin, actin and titin isoforms characteristic of fetal life appear in patients with heart failure.
40
Pathophysiology 1 MCQs - Team effort
Select one:
a. True
b. False
```
a
36
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36. Decompensation of heart failure may be caused by:
Select one or more:
a. Arrhythmia
b. Infection
c. severe anemia
d. myocardial ischemia
```
b/c/d
37
```
38. Precipitating causes of heart failure:
Select one or more:
a. increased fat intake
b. fever
c. Hyperthyroidism
d. increased salt intake
```
b/c/d
38
```
39. ”forward failure” in left sided heart failure may result in;
select one or more
a. hepatomegaly
b. weakness, fatigue
c. pulmonary congestion, dyspnea
d. orthopnea
```
b
39
```
40. Decompensation of heart failure may be caused by:
Select one or more:
a. pulmonary embolism
41
Pathophysiology 1 MCQs - Team effort
b. intercurrent infection
c. atrial fibrillation
d. increased dietary salt intake
```
a/b/c/d
40
```
41. Symptoms of left sided heart failure:
Select one or more:
a. dyspnea
b. pulmonary congestion
c. hepatomegaly
d. nycturia
```
a/b/d
41
```
42. Compensatory mechanisms in heart failure:
Select one or more:
a. Anemia
b. left ventricular hypertrophy
c. peripheral vasodilation
d. increased salt and water retention
```
b/d
