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Hema-Immuno > RBC Synthesis and Breakdown > Flashcards

RBC Synthesis and Breakdown Flashcards

0
Q

Cells which mature in the thymus, differentiate between self and nonself

A

T cells

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1
Q

Growth inducer that promotes growth and reproduction of hematopoeitic stem cells

A

IL-3

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2
Q

Specifically attack virally infected cells, tumor cells, or transplanted cells

A

Cytotoxic T cells

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3
Q

Suppress the immune system so it will not damage other cells

A

Suppressor T cells

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4
Q

Record proteins encountered for faster immune response in future infections

A

Memory T cells

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5
Q

First cells to recognize foreign bodies

A

Macrophages

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6
Q

Molecules which push a committed cell into a final adult cell

A

Differentiation inducers

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7
Q

Function of macrophages

A

Present foreign antibodies to helper T cell using interleukin 1

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8
Q

Function of interleukin 2

A

Induce proliferation, maturation, differentiation of t cell line

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9
Q

Interleukins used to activate B cells

A

IL-4, IL-5, IL-6

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10
Q

Causes rupture and inflammation of foreign material

A

Membrane attack complex (MAC)

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11
Q

Compound responsible for acid-base buffering capacity of RBC

A

Carbonic anhydrase

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12
Q

Site where erythropoeitin is synthesized

A

80% kidneys

10% liver

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13
Q

Stimulates proerythroblast production under hypoxic conditions

A

Erythropoeitin

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14
Q

T/F: Vitamin B12 is sourced from meat whereas folic acid is sourced from vegetables such broccoli and cauliflower

A

True

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15
Q

Disorder manifested by increase in number if large fragile RBCs

A

Megaloblastic anemia

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16
Q

Disease wherein there is increased reticulocyte production

A

Hemolytic anemia

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17
Q

Site where porphyrin is transformed to bilirubin

A

Spleen

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18
Q

Site where RBCs go to die

A

Splenic sinusoids

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19
Q

Active form of iron present in hemoglobin

A

Ferrous (Fe2+)

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20
Q

Main storage protein for iron

A

Ferritin

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21
Q

Cyclic tetrapeptide formed by the linkage of four pyrrole rings

A

Porphyrin

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22
Q

Type of bond which holds pyrrole rings together in porphyrin

A

Methyne bridges

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23
Q

Site of initial and final steps of heme synthesis

A

Mitochondria

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24
Q

Site of intermediate steps of heme synthesis

A

Cytosol

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25
Q

Cells in which heme synthesis occurs

A

Erythroid precursor cells in red bone marrow

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26
Q

Rate-limiting step in heme synthesis

A

Formation of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) using ALA synthase

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27
Q

Site wherein the rate-limiting step of heme synthesis occurs

A

Liver mitochondria

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28
Q

ALA cofactor

A

Pyridoxine

29
Q

Enzyme involved in production of phosphobilinogen

A

ALA dehydratase; inhibited by heavy metal ions

30
Q

More common uroporophyrinogen in heme synthesis

A

Uroporphyrinogen III since it is the form acted on by coproporphyrinogen oxidase and therefore protoporphyrinogen III

31
Q

Enzyme used to catalyse introduction of Fe into protoporphyrin IX

A

Ferrocheletase (inhibited by lead)

32
Q

Negative regulator of ALA synthase 1

A

Presence of heme

33
Q

Disorder associated with abnormalities in heme biosynthesis

A

Porphyrias

34
Q

Manifestation of lysosome rupture due to exposure to light with a wavelength of 400nm, releasing free radicals

A

Photosensitivity

35
Q

Symptom caused by accumulation of ALA and porphobilinogen in body tissues and fluids

A

Abdominal pain

36
Q

Deficiency causing sideroblastic anemia

A

Pyridoxine

37
Q

Enzymes in heme synthesis inibited by lead

A

Ferrocheletase, ALA dehydratase

38
Q

Manifestations of lead poisoning in adults

A 
Basophilic stippling of RBC
Wrist drop, claw hand
Lead lines in gums
Headache, memory loss -- encelopathy
Urinary ALA and free erythrocyte porphyrin
39
Q

System which degrades RBC

A

Reticuloendothelial system

40
Q

Enzyme involved in the formation of bilirubin

A

Heme oxygenase system (heme –> hemin)

41
Q

Cells which take up bilirubin

A

Liver parenchyma

42
Q

Intracellular proteins responsible for bilirubin uptake into liver parenchyma

A

Ligandin

Protein Y

43
Q

Enzyme responsible for conjugation of bilirubin with two molecules of glucoronic acid

A

Bilirubin glucoronyltransferase

44
Q

Site where bilirubin is secreted into bile

A

Bile canaliculi

45
Q

Intestinal bacteria oxidize urobilinogen into _______

A

Stercobilin

46
Q

Increases bilirubin’s solubility in plasma

A

Monocovalent binding to albumin

47
Q

Hepatocytes make bilirubin (polar/nonpolar) by conjugation with glucoronic acid

A

Polar

48
Q

What causes human jaundice

A

Monogluconides in plasma

49
Q

Rate-limiting process in heme degradation

A

Active transport of bilirubin into bile

50
Q

Enzymes that reduce bilirubin to urobilinogen

A

Beta-glucuronidase

51
Q

Increased blood bilirubin with deposition in tissues

A

Icterus/jaundice

52
Q

Jaundice caused by increased RBC destruction; retention hyperbilirubinemia

A

Indirect/unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia

53
Q

Hyperbilirubinemia caused by bile duct obstruction

A

Direct/conjugated

54
Q

Complex of protoporphyrin IX and ferrous iron

A

Heme

55
Q

Unconjugated bilirubin enters the blood-brain barrier, causing encephalopathy

A

Kernitercus

56
Q

Treatment for neonatal jaundice which converts unconjugated bilirubin to maleimide fragments

A

Phototherapy

57
Q

Fetal hemoglobin is composed of ____ and _____ subunits

A

Alpha, gamma

58
Q

Hemoglobin form with increased affinity with CN

A

Methemoglobin

59
Q

Treatment for chocolate cyanosis

A

Methylene blue

60
Q

Heme present in muscles

A

Myoglobin

61
Q

Residues which play a role in O2-heme binding

A

Histidine

62
Q

Darkened urine brought about by the release of myoglobin from muscle fibers following crush injury

A

Myoglobinuria

63
Q

Number of O2 that can bind to myoglobin and hemoglobin

A

Myoglobin: 1
Hemoglobin: 4

64
Q

Factors whose interaction with one site of the hemoglobin affects the binding of oxygen to heme groups at other locations

A

Allosteric effectors

65
Q

Phenomenon wherein the deoxy form of hemoglobin has a greater affinity of protons than oxyhemoglobin

A

Bohr Effect

66
Q

Stabilizes taut structure of hemoglobin by formation of salt bridges

A

2,3-bisphosphoglycerate

67
Q

2,3-BPG binds _____ weakly to HbF

A

More

68
Q

Diagnostic tool for detection of hereditary spherocytosis

A

Osmotic fragility test

69
Q

Proteins affected in hereditary spherocytosis

A

Ankyrin, spectrin

70
Q

Amino acid substituted in sickle cell anemia

A

Glutamate –> valine

71
Q

Substitution in hemoglobin C disease

A

Lysine –> glutamate

Hema-Immuno (12 decks)

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