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HEMATOLOGY > rbc anomalies > Flashcards

rbc anomalies Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 classification of rbc based on variation of hemoglobin content

A

normochromic cell
hypochromic cell
spherocytes “hyperchromic cell”

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2
Q

In hypochromic cell, what is the size of the central pallor

A

larger than usual - larger than the 1/3 of the cell

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3
Q

describe how much or how concentrated the amount of hemoglobin in hypochromic cell

A

the hgb is less than normal

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4
Q

In hyperchromic or spherocytes cell, what is the size of the central pallor

A

smaller than the normal size of 1/3 and the hemoglbin content is higher than normal

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5
Q

hypochromic is associated to a condition wherein the red cell is smaller than normal, smaller than 7 um

A

microcytosis

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6
Q

refers to erythrocytes with normal
amount of hemoglobin
and possess a central pallor which is about 1/3 of its diameter

A

normochromic

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7
Q

explain what will happen to the mch and mchc of an rbc if it’s hypochromic

A

both indices will decrease

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8
Q

classifications of rbc if it’s about the variation in staining property

A

POLYCHROMASIA

HYPOCHROMASIA

HYPERCHROMASIA

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9
Q

This condition wherein the red cell are stained with
various shades of blue with tinges of pink.

A

Polychromatophilia

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10
Q

explain the action of Polychromatophilia

A

This is due combination of the affinity of hb to acid
stain and the affinity of RNA to the basic dye.

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11
Q

polychromasia will indicates ___

A

reticulocytosis

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12
Q

what is the reference value of reticulocytes

A

0.5 - 1.5%

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13
Q

Polychromasia grading

state the grade

A

slight
1+
2+
3+
4+

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14
Q

In a slight grade of polychromasia

what is the PERCENTAGE OF RBCs that are polychromatophilic

A

1%

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15
Q

In a 1+ grade of polychromasia

what is the PERCENTAGE OF RBCs that are polychromatophilic

A

3%

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16
Q

In a 2+ grade of polychromasia

what is the PERCENTAGE OF RBCs that are polychromatophilic

A

5%

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17
Q

In a 3+ grade of polychromasia

what is the PERCENTAGE OF RBCs that are polychromatophilic

A

10%

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18
Q

In a 4+ grade of polychromasia

what is the PERCENTAGE OF RBCs that are polychromatophilic

A

higher than 11%

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19
Q

variation in staining properties

Condition where in the
red cells appear pale.

A

hypochromasia

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20
Q

why hypochromasia exist?

A

because of thinness of the red blood cell and low concentration of hemoglobin

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21
Q

conditions wherein hypochromasia can be observed

A

IDA or iron deficiency anemia

sideroblastic anemia

thalassemia

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22
Q

common type of anemia and the easiest one to treat

A

IDA - iron deficiency anemia

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23
Q

a type of anemia wherein there is a “blockage in the iron” in the protoporphyrin pathway

A

sideroblastic anemia

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24
Q

type of anemia wherin there’s a deficiency in either the alpha or beta chain

A

thalasemia

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25
Q

reading for hypochromasia. Where do we based it?

A

the size of the central pallor

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26
Q

reading for hypochromasia. Where do we based it?

A

number of population that is polychromatophilic

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27
Q

gradings for hypochromasia

A

1+
2+
3+
4+

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28
Q

gradings for hypochromasia and the description

1+

A

Area of central pallor is½ofcell
diameter

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29
Q

2+ in hypochromasia

A

area of the central pallor is 2/3 of the cell diameter

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30
Q

3+ hpochromasia

A

area of the cental pallor is 3/4 of the cell diameter

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31
Q

4+ hypochromasia

A

think rim of hemoglobin

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32
Q

variation in staining properties

Conditioned where in the
red cell are deeply
stained to abnormal
thickness of cells.

A

HYPERCHROMASIA

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33
Q

what are the conditions we can observe hyprchromasia

A
  • Macrocytosis
  • Spherocytosis
  • Megaloblastic anemia
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34
Q

do old samples became spherocytes?

A

yes

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35
Q

condition where in the red
cells vary in size both macrocytes and
microcytes coexist on the same smear.

A

anisocytosis

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36
Q

normocyte size

A

7-8 um diameter

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37
Q

classification of red blood cells under the variation in size

A

microcyte
macrocyte
megalocyte

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38
Q

in normocyte - normal size

wht are the associated diseases

A

acute post hemorrhagic anemia

hemolytic anemia

aplastic anemia

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39
Q

what happens in hemolytic anemia

A

premature distraction of the rbc in which di kaya makareach ng 120 days

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40
Q

what happens in aplastic anemia

A

problem withthebone marrow, they produce vert little cells in bone marrow

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41
Q

what is the hallmark of aplastic anemia

A

presence of pancytopenia

the decrease of all the formed elements of our blood

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42
Q

pancytopenia

A

decrease of all the formed elements in the blood

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43
Q

In pancytopenia - low rbc
low wbc
low platelets will cause

A

low rbc - anemia
lowewbc - infection
low platelet bleeding

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44
Q

In macrocyte - the mean corpuscular volume is greater than

A

100 femtoliter

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45
Q

larger than normal greater than
8 um in size round in shape mcv > 100FL

A

macrocyte

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46
Q

conditions where we can observed macrocyte

A

Non-Megaloblastic anemia
myelodysplastic syndrome

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47
Q

macrocyte
megalocyte

differentiate the megalobastic

A

macro - non megalo
mgalo - megalo

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48
Q

what’s the difference with non megalo and megalo

A

in non megalo,there’s no characteristics like hypersigegmented neutrophils

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49
Q

hallmark of the megaloblastic anemia is the

A

presence of hypersegmented neutrophil

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50
Q

the mcv of non megaloblastic is always

A

not greater than 100 FT

51
Q

an indices that represents the size or volume of the red blood cell

A

mean corpuscular volume

52
Q

defect in macrocyte

A

Abnormal nuclear maturation

but

normal cytoplasmic maturation

53
Q

other diseases we can observe macrocyte

A
  • Chronic liver disease
  • BM failure
  • Reticulocytosis - continuous production of blood due to bleeding
54
Q

cell which is less than 7 um in size
MCVless than 80 ft

A

microcyte

55
Q

defect in microcyte

A

normal
nuclear maturation

but

Abnormal cytoplasmic maturation

56
Q

Microcytosis is found

A
  • Iron deficiency Anemia
  • Thalassemia
  • Hemolytic anemia
  • Hb E disease
57
Q

large oval-shaped red cell which is 9-12
um

A

megalocyte

58
Q

defect in megalocyte

A

Abnormal nuclear maturation

but

normal
cytoplasmic maturation

59
Q

Megalocytosis is found in :

A
  • Megaloblastic anemias like pernicious anemia
  • Anemia
  • Vit. B12 deficiency anemia or vit B12 def.
  • Diphyllobothrium latum infection
60
Q

what is Diphyllobothrium latum

A

it competes with the vitamins with the host

61
Q

red cells exhibit variation in shape.

A

poikilocytosis

62
Q

classifications in rbc variation in size

A

discocyte
acanthocytes (spur cells)
biscuit cell (folded rbc)
burr cell
blister cell (bite cell)
echinocytes or crenated cell burr cell
codocytes
teardrop cell (dacryocytes)
elliptocytes
spherocytes
sickel cells (drepanocytes)
schistocytes
stomatocyte

63
Q

what are the causes of the variation in shape of the rbc

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteis

64
Q

conditions associated with discocyte

A

Acute post hemorrhagic anemia
aplastic anemia

65
Q

reasons why biconcave shaped

A

to become flexible to pass through narrow vessels

to carry hemoglobin efficiently

66
Q

acanthocytes is also called

A

spur cell

67
Q

small dense
RBC with few irregularly
spaced projections of varying
length

A

Acanthocyte(spur cell)

68
Q

defect in Acanthocyte (spur cell)

A

abnormal membrane
defect caused by an
increase sphingomyelin and
dec in cholesterol and
phospholipid.

69
Q

acanthocyte can is caused by increased in ___ and decrease in

A

increase in sphingomyelin and
dectrease in cholesterol and phospholipid.

70
Q

associated disease in Acanthocyte(spur cell)

A

Neuroacanthocytosis (abetalipoproteinemia,
McLeod syndrome)

Severe liver disease (spur cell anemia)

71
Q

biscuit cell is also called as

A

folded rbc

72
Q

defect found in biscuit cell

A

cell membrane folded

73
Q

cell decscription in biscuit cell

A

Cell assumes a “
Pocket bookroll”
appearance or biscuit
shape

74
Q

associated disease for biscuit cell

A

HbSC diease
HbCC disease

diseases seen in hemoglobinopathies

75
Q

burr cell is also called as

A

echinocyte

76
Q

defect in burr cell

A

abnormal lipid content in the membrane

77
Q

cell description of burr cell

A

cell with irregularly
spaced blunt processes,
resembles crenated RBC

78
Q

associated disease in burr cell

A

uremia
MAHA - microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
liver disease
DIC - Disseminated intravascular coagulation
TTP - Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
PK - Pyruvate kinare

79
Q

is crenated rbc pathologic?

A

yes and no
yes if the sample is near to drying

80
Q

Blister cell is also called as

A

bite cell

81
Q

defect of blister or bite cell

A

G6P def. resulting
to accumulation of Heinz
bodies

82
Q

cell description of blister or bite cell

A

cell w/ eccentric
vacuoles due to the
plucked out Heinz body

83
Q

associated disease for blister cell or bite cell

A

G6PD def.
HUS - hemolytic uremic syndrome
MAHA microangiopathic hemolytic anemia

84
Q

echinocytes is also called as

A

crenated cells

85
Q

sea urchin cells

A

echinocytes or crenated cells

86
Q

deficiency in ATP due to prolonged
storage of
anticoagulated blood is associated to which variatio in shapre

Pathologically ; due to
abnormal lipid content
of the membrane

A

ECHINOCYTES OR CRENATED CELLS

87
Q

ECHINOCYTES OR CRENATED CELLS disease associated

A

Usually artifactual.
Seen in uremia, bleeding
ulcers, gastric
carcinoma, hepatitis,
Cirrhosis

88
Q

CODOCYTES is also called as

A

Target cell/ Mexican Hat
/cells with bull’s eye
appearance

89
Q

defect in codocytes

A

Def. in cholesterol,
phospholipid in the membrane
Def in Lecithin cholesterol acyl
transferase ( LCAT)

90
Q

description of codocytes

A

Cell w/ central area of Hb
surrounded by colorless area and a peripheral ring

91
Q

associated diseases for codocytes

A

Thalassemia. Liver ds ,
Hemolytic anemia, and hemoglobinopathies HbSS

92
Q

teardrop cell is also called as

A

dacryocyte

93
Q

defect in teardrop cell

A

abnormal
maturation squeezing
and fragmentation
during splenic passage

94
Q

cell description for teardrop cell

A

Cells appear in the
shape of a teardrop or
pear with a single short
or long protrusion

95
Q

conditions associated with teardrop cell

A

hemolytic anemia
megaloblastic anemia
mmm myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia
myelophthistic anemia

96
Q

ELLIPTOCYTES is also known as

A

ovalocytes

97
Q

defect in elliptocytes ovalocytes

A

Abn membrane due
to defective spectrin,
def in band protein 4.1

98
Q

cell description for elliptocyes

A

oval or elliptical

99
Q

Hb appearsto be
concentrated at the two
ends of the cell leaving a
normal central area of pallor

A

elliptocytes

100
Q

Can be found inhealthy
person in elliptocytes

A

yes provided that it’s not numerous

101
Q

why rbc for elliptocytes has shortened life span

A

not stable
oxygen content is low

102
Q

elliptocyte can be seen in associated diseases such as

A
  • Megaloblastic anemia
  • Hypochromic anemia
    22
  • Hereditary ovalocytosis
103
Q

cell desription of spherocyte

A

small round dense cell
which lacks the central
pallor area usually
microcytic and sphere
shaped.

104
Q

defect in spectrin

A

Primary : Spectrin

Def
Secondary : defective
interaction of spectrin with
other skeletal proteins.

105
Q

associated disease for spherocyte

A

HS,
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Immune homlytic anemia
due to ABO incompatibility

106
Q

Small, round, dense RBC
with no central pallor

A

SPHEROCYTE

107
Q

Cells becomesmallerand
denser r with increase Hb
content and become less
deformable with age.

  • Shortened survival time
    because they can be
    sequestred in the spleen
    and destroyed
A

spherocyte

108
Q

SICKLE CELLS is also called as

A

drepanocytes

109
Q

Cresent shape cell due to
abnormal aggregation of ___
which gives a tendency for the
cell to assume a sickle shape

A

HbS

110
Q

__cells are thin and
elongated with pointed ends
and are well filled with Hb.

A

Sickle

111
Q

They may be curved or
straight or have S, V or L
shaped

A

SICKLE CELLS ( DREPANOCYTES)

112
Q

dieases associted with sickle cell

A

sickle anemia and sickle cell trait

113
Q

Cell fragmentation
due to trauma caused by
physical and mechanical
agents.

A

SCHISTOCYTES

114
Q

SCHISTOCYTES is also called as

A

Schizocyte

115
Q

schistocytes cell description

A

irregularly, contracted
cell; fragmented cell

116
Q

SCHISTOCYTES is one of the hallmark associated with

A

MAHA

117
Q

ieases associated wth schistocytes

A

MAHA,TTP,DIC HUS, UREMIA

118
Q

STOMATOCYTE is also called as

A

mouth cells

119
Q

Characterized by an
elongated or slit-like area of
central pallor

A

stomatocyte

120
Q

Causedby osmtic changes
due tocation imbalance (
Na,K)

A

stomatocyte

121
Q

Stomatocytosis is found in

A

Alcoholic cirrhosis
Hereditary stomatocytosis
hepatobiliary disease
Rh null syndrome

122
Q

VARIATION DUE TOTHE
PRESENCE OFINCLUSION
BODIES

A

diffuse basophhilia
basophilic stippling
howell jolly body
heinz body
pappenheimer bodies
cabot ring
Hgb H inclusions (golf ball size)

123
Q
A

HEMATOLOGY (11 decks)

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