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HEMATOLOGY > QUANTITATIVE DISORDERS > Flashcards

QUANTITATIVE DISORDERS Flashcards

1
Q

absolute leukocyte counts >11.0x10^9/L

A

Leukocytosis

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2
Q

absolute leukocyte counts <3.0x1069/L

A

Leukopenia

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3
Q

Absolute neutrophil count: >7.0 – 8.0x10^9/L in adults, 8.5x10^9/L in children

A

Neutrophilia

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4
Q

Normal relative neutrophil count is___

A

50-70%

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5
Q

neutrophilia can be __.

A

pathologic or physiologic

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6
Q

Pathologic cause of Neutrophilia
infection:

A

bacterial, parasitic, fungal (actinomycosis), viral (varicella, variola, rabies, herpes zoster),

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7
Q

Pathologic cause of Neutrophilia
Malignancy

A

neoplastic growth

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8
Q

Pathologic cause of Neutrophilia
Inflammation

A

: serosal, visceral, blood cell destruction, post-traumatic, thermal injury, chemicals/drugs

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9
Q

Pathologic cause of Neutrophilia
Metabolic disorders:

A

diabetes, renal dysfunction, liver disease

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10
Q

Pathologic cause of Neutrophilia
drugs:

A

Corticosteroids, Lithium

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11
Q

Physiologic: (usually transient) cause of Neutrophilia

o Physical stimuli:

A

exercise, excessive temperature changes, nausea,
vomiting, pregnancy, labor

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12
Q

Physiologic: (usually transient) cause of Neutrophilia

Emotional stimuli:

A

rage, panic, stress

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13
Q

Neutrophilia will always be evaluated using __

A

absolute value.

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14
Q

The Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) determine by adding the numbers of ___ and __

A

segmented and band neutrophil.

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15
Q

Decreased count of neutrophil.

A

Neutropenia

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16
Q

Most common type of leukopenia

A

Neutropenia

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17
Q

Absolute neutrophil count for neutropenia

A

<1.75-1.8x109/L

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18
Q

Agranulocytosis

A

extreme neutropenia (<0.5x109/L)

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19
Q

Causes of neutropenia:

A
  • Decreased neutrophil production
  • Inherited stem cell disorders: Fanconi’s syndrome
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20
Q

Acquired stem cell disorders:

A

chemical toxicity, marrow replacement,
nutritional deficiencies, cytotoxic drugs

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21
Q

Increased neutrophil destruction
Infections:

A

bacterial (typhoid, parathypoid, brucellosis) -
Infectious hepatitis, infectious rubella

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22
Q

Increased neutrophil destruction

Immune reactions:

A

neonatal isoimmune neutropenia (maternal IgG),
autoimmune

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23
Q

Under Felty’s syndrome is SANTA.

A

S – Splenomegaly
A – Anemia
N – Neutropenia
T – Thrombocytopenia
A – Arthritis

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24
Q

Drug-induced neutropenia

A

amidopyrine, cephalosporins

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25
Q

Increased sequestration in neutropenia

A

associated with splenic enlargement, increased
margination

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26
Q

Pseudoeutropenia in neutropenia

A

after injection of endotoxin, hypersensitivity,
hypothermia

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27
Q

Absolute eosinophil count:

A

0.4x10^9/L

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28
Q

Major function of eosinophil

A

Granulation where substance releases the damage of organism

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29
Q

Causes of eosinophilia:

o Infestation by tissue

A

invading parasites

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30
Q

Causes of eosinophilia:

Allergic reactions:

A

respiratory (asthma, hay fever) skin disorder (psoriasis,
eczema)

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31
Q

Causes of eosinophilia:

Pulmonary disorder:

A

Loeffler’s syndrome, PIE (pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia) tropical eosinophilia

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32
Q

Causes of eosinophilia:

Gastrointestinal disorders:

A

ulcerative colitis Infections: scarlet fever, HIV,
fungal

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33
Q

Causes of eosinophilia:

Miscellaneous disorders:

A

familial, irradiation, periarteritis nodosa

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34
Q

Also seen in cases of HIV infection, scarlet fever, and fungal infection

A

Eosinophilia

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35
Q

Absolute eosinophil count for Eosinopenia

A

<0.09x10^9/L

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36
Q

is eosinopenia
Difficult to detect using routine differentials and total leukocyte count ?

A

yes

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37
Q

Most common cause of eosinopenia is the presence of

A

malignant myeloproliferative
myoplasm

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38
Q

Associated with condition Eosinopenia:

A

Marrow hypoplasia

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39
Q

Causes of eosinopenia:

A

o Acute bacterial infections
o ACTH administration (thorn’s test)

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40
Q

Basophilia

Absolute basophil count

A

> 0.15x10^9 /L

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41
Q

Usually associated with eosinophilia.

A

Basophilia

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42
Q

Most common cause of Basophiliais the presence of

A

malignant myeloproliferative neoplasm.

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43
Q

Causes of Basophilia:

A

o Reactive basophilia: hypersensitivity
o Hypothyroidism
o Ulcerative colitis
o Estrogen therapy

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44
Q

Basopenia Caused by:

A

acute infections, stress, hyperthyroidism, increased levels of glucocorticoids (sabi ni madam, glucocorticosteoids)

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45
Q

Monocytosis

Absolute monocyte count:

A

> 0.9x10^9 /L or until 1.0x10^9/L in adults and
3.5x10^8/L in neonates

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46
Q

Monocytosis is Caused by:

Bacterial infections:

A

tuberculosis, subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE),
syphilis

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47
Q

Monocytosis is Caused by:

Inflammatory responses:

A

surgical trauma, tumors, collagen vascular, disorders gastrointestinal disease

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48
Q

relative caused of monocytosis

A

Recovery from neutropenia (relative)

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49
Q

another cause of Myeloproliferative disorders

A

monocytosis

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50
Q

monocytosis is Associated with:

A

neutropenic disorder.

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51
Q

Monocytopenia

Absolute monocyte count:

A

<0.02x10^9/L

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52
Q

Decrease in monocyte.

A

Monocytopenia

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53
Q

Very rare condition that do not involve cytopenia found in patient receiving
steroid therapy.

A

Monocytopenia

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54
Q

Monocytopenia

Caused by:

A

after administration of glucocorticoids, during overwhelming infections that also causes neutropenia.

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55
Q

Lymphocytosis

Absolute lymphocyte count in:

A

o Adult: >4.5x10^9 /L
o Infants and young children: >10x10^9 /L
o Children older than 2 weeks and younger than 8 years have higher lymphocyte

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56
Q

Relative lymphocytosis:

A

: increase in the percentage of circulating lymphocytes, does not necessarily reflect a true or absolute increase in lymphocytes.

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57
Q

Reactive/atypical/variant lymphocytes:

A

lymphocytes seen in non-malignant
disorders, normal lymphocytes reacting to a stimulus (infection, etc.).

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58
Q

LEUKOCYTE DISORDERS

A

I. Morphological Abnormalities of Leukocytes
II. Non-Malignant Leukocyte Disorders
III. Malignant Leukocyte Disorders

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59
Q

The segmentation of neutrophil is greater than 2-5 lobes.

A

Hypersegmented Neutrophil

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60
Q

Has a normal size 4-6 lobes in the nucleus found in the stage of recovery from infection.

A

Polycyte

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61
Q

Larger than normal neutrophil and has 5-10 nuclear lobes.

A

Macroplocyte

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62
Q

Seen in ___, the hypersegmented neutrophils are one of the hallmark of this condition. (Macroplocyte)

A

pernicious anemia

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63
Q

Nucleus becomes smaller and denser

A

Pynknocyte

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64
Q

Nuclear segments disappear, leaving several balls of dense chromatin

A

Pynknocyte

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65
Q

Virocyte or Atypical Lymphocyte

Also called as

A

Downey type cell or Turk Irritation cell.

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66
Q

Cell has a chromatin arrangement which gives the cell a “Moth-eaten” or
“Tunneled appearance” or “Swiss-cheese”

A

Virocyte or Atypical Lymphocyte

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67
Q

cell has prominent azurophilic
granules

A

Virocyte or Atypical Lymphocyte

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68
Q

seen in infectious mononucleosis, viral hepatitis, viral pneumonia, and
herpes simplex infections.

A

Virocyte or Atypical Lymphocyte

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69
Q

sunny side up

A

Virocyte or Atypical Lymphocyte

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70
Q

atypical lymphocytes are generally
lymphocytes that had been activated to respond to a viral infection, bacterial or
parasitic infection.

A

Virocyte or Atypical Lymphocyte

71
Q

Myeloblast that is characterized by having a nucleus with deep indentions
often suggesting lobulation

A

Rieder cell

72
Q

Rieder cell are Seen in ____

A

acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

73
Q

The nucleus nitong ating ___ is widely and deeply indented, mayroon po silang
lobulations, parang flower.

A

rieder cell

74
Q

Cell with holes or vacuoles in the cytoplasm.

A

Vacuolated cell

75
Q

Signs of degeneration in severe infections, chemical poisoning and leukemia.

A

Vacuolated cell

76
Q

Vacuolated cell , what causes vacuolation?

A

exposure to bacterial or viral antigen

77
Q

Net-like nucleus from a ruptured white cell specially a PMN (Polymorphonuclear
neutrophils).

A

Basket cell or Smudge cell

78
Q

Basket cell or Smudge cell are seen in

A

Seen in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

79
Q

Lupus Erythematosus Cell (LE Cells) is also known as

A

Hargraves

80
Q

PMN which had engulfed the nuclear material of another PMN or a lymphocyte

A

Lupus Erythematosus Cell (LE Cells)

81
Q

LE cells has two (2) nuclei:

A

a. Nucleus of phagocyte
b. Ingested Nucleus

82
Q

the __ of LE cell is flattened in periphery.

A

Nucleus of phagocyte

83
Q

the __ of LE cell is absent and replaced by a purplish homogenous round
mass.

A

Ingested Nucleus

84
Q

____ that has phagocytized the denatured nuclear material of another cell

A

Neutrophil or either macrophage

85
Q

Monocyte with an engulfed nucleus usually of a lymphocyte or maybe the whole
lymphocyte itself.

A

Tart cell

86
Q

Exhibits nucleophagocytosis.

A

Tart cell

87
Q

Lymphocyte with hair like cytoplasmic projection surrounding the nucleus

A

Hairy cell

88
Q

Seen in hairy cell leukemia

A

Hairy cell

89
Q

Rough lymph cell with nucleus that is grooved or convulated

A

Sezary cell

90
Q

Sezary cell

Seen in ___

A

Sezary syndrome and mycosis fungoides.

91
Q

Linear or spindle-shaped red-purple inclusions in myeloblasts and monoblasts

A

Auer Bodies/Rods

92
Q

auer bodies or rods are Derivatives of ___

A

azurophilic granules

93
Q

_____ are cytoplasmic inclusion
which result from abnormal fusion of primary azurophilic granules.

A

Auer rods/bodies

94
Q

Caused by unusual development of lysozomes.

A

Auer Bodies/Rods

95
Q

auer bodies is Always classified as __

A

pathological

96
Q

Red staining needle-like bodies seen in the cytoplasm of either myeloblast or
monoblast

A

Auer Bodies/Rods

97
Q

Dark blue to purple cytoplasmic granules in the metamyelocyte, band or in
neutrophil stage.

A

Toxic granules

98
Q

Characteristics of bacterial infections and are frequently seen in aplastic anemia
and also in myelosclerosis

A

Toxic granules

99
Q

Small round or oval bodies up to 2-3 um.

A

Dohle-Amato Bodie

100
Q

Stain blue-gray usually seen in the periphery of the cytoplasm of neutrophils.

A

Dohle-Amato Bodie

101
Q

Remnants of free ribosomes from an earlier stage of development.

A

Dohle-Amato Bodie

102
Q

Mostly seen in bacterial infection, severe burns, exposure to cytotoxic agents
and complicated pregnancies

A

Dohle-Amato Bodie

103
Q

Found in the cytoplasm of multiple myeloma and plasma cells after therapy with
amidine drug

A

Snapper-Scheid Bodies

104
Q

Occurs in many time of chronic inflammation and intra-cyclic spirical shape.

A

Snapper-Scheid Bodies

105
Q

Gamma globulins bodies in the cytoplasm of plasma cells and inflamed
tissue.

A

Russell or Fuch’s Bodies

106
Q

Bodies which gave a grape or berry or morula cell appearance.

A

russell or Fuch’s Bodies

107
Q

Occurs in many type of chronic inflammation.
Intra-cyclic spirical shape. A grape-like structure.

A

russell or Fuch’s Bodies

108
Q

2 Groups of Leukocyte Disorders

A
  1. Non-Neoplastic Disorders
  2. Neoplastic and Related Disorders
109
Q

Disorders of NUCLEUS

. Hypersegmented
Neutrophil

defect and condition

A

Abnormal DNA synthesis
Megaloblastic anemia

110
Q

Disorders of NUCLEUS

. Pelger-Huet Anomaly

defect and condition

A

 Decreased segmentation
in neutrophil
 “pince-nez appearance”
 True PHA or Congenital
 There’s something
wrong with the mutation
in the Lamin B.

111
Q

a receptor is an
inner nuclear membrane

 Its major role is that it plays
a role in leukocyte nuclear shape
change that occurs during
the normal maturation.

A

Lamin B

112
Q

_Pelger-Huet Anomaly Known as

A

True or Congenital

113
Q

in pelgert huet anomaly
___ WBC lineage is
affected.

A

All

114
Q

Parang may
eyeglasses or
dumbbell kasi
kulang sa
segmentation.

A

Pelger-Huet
Anomaly

115
Q

Pseudo-Pelger Huet Anomaly known as

A

acquired

116
Q

wbc lineage affected by Pseudo-Pelger
Huet Anomaly

A

Only neutrophil is
affected.

117
Q

Has less dense
nuclei with
hypogranular
cytoplasm

A

Pseudo-Pelger
Huet Anomaly

118
Q

causes of Pseudo-Pelger
Huet Anomaly

Or Acquired

Only neutrophil is
affected.
Has less dense
nuclei with

A

 Burns
 Drug reaction
 Infections
 MDS
 CML
 Acute leukemia
 Chemotherapy

119
Q

Clinically
significant
acquired
phenomena

A

Pseudo-Pelger
Huet Anomaly

120
Q

Accumulation of degraded
mucopolysaccharides

A

Alder Reily Anomaly

121
Q

Associated Conditions for Alder Reily
Anomaly

A

 Hunter’s
Syndrome
 Hurler’s
Syndrome

122
Q

type of autosomal of Alder Reily
Anomaly

A

Autosomal recessive

123
Q

Has large
peroxidase
lysosomes
inclusions that are
deficient in
enzymes for
phagocytosis

A

Chediak
Higashi
Syndrome

124
Q

condition related to Chediak
Higashi
Syndrome

A

Albinism

125
Q

type of autosomal of chediak higashi

A

 Increase
susceptibility to
infection
 Have leukocyte
dysfunction
 Bleeding due to
abnormal
granules in
platelet.

126
Q

Dohle bodies,
thrombocytopenia,
giant platelets and
leukopenia

A

May
Hegglin
Anomaly

127
Q

type of autosomal of May
Hegglin
Anomaly

A

Autosomal
dominant

128
Q

another Clinically
significant
acquired
phenomena

A

May
Hegglin
Anomaly

129
Q

Caused by the
mutation in the
MYH9 gene

A

May
Hegglin
Anomaly

130
Q

Vacuolization of
leukocytes

A

Jordan’s
Anomaly

131
Q

Peroxidase
depletion in PMN
and monocytes

A

Alius
Grignashi
Anomaly

132
Q

type of autosomal of Alius
Grignashi
Anomaly

A

Autosomal
recessive

133
Q

Random movement of
phagocytes is normal, but
directional motility is
impaired.

A

Job’s
Syndrome

134
Q

 Hyperimmunogl obulin E
 Cells respond slowly to
chemotactic factors

A

Job’s
Syndrome

135
Q

Both random and directed
movement of cells are
defective.

A

Lazy Leukocyte Syndrome

136
Q

Recurrent
mucous
membrane
infections

A

Lazy
Leukocyte
Syndrome

137
Q

Intracellular
killing mechanism
of granulocyte is
defective

A

Chronic
Granulomat
ous Disease

138
Q

disease usually
seen in childhood

A

Chronic
Granulomat
ous Disease

139
Q

 Phagocytes ingest but can’t
kill catalase +
 Organisms
because of lack
of appropriate
respiratory burst
 x-linked

A

Chronic
Granulomatous Diseas

140
Q

Asymptomatic
carriers have
half the normal
C3 activity
(heterozygous)

A

Congenital C3
Deficiency

141
Q

Results in
repeated
infections

A

Congenital C3
Deficiency

142
Q

Rare autosomal
recessive
trait

A

Congenital C3
Deficiency

143
Q

Homozygous
carriers fail to
opsonize
bacteria

A

Congenital C3
Deficiency

144
Q

MPO is decreased
or absent in PMN
and monocytes

A

Myeloperoxidase
Deficiency

145
Q

without MPO,
bacterial killing is

A

slowed

146
Q

deficiency of
glucocerebrosidaseenzyme

A

Gaucher’s
Disease

147
Q

(responsible for
glycolipid
metabolism

A

glucocerebrosidaseenzyme

148
Q

Gaucher’s
Disease affects the

A

bone marrow,
spleen and
liver

149
Q

adult type
infancy type
childhood type

A

Gaucher’s
Disease

150
Q

macrophages are with
wrinkled looking cytoplasm
and with small eccentric nucleus

A

Gaucher’s
Disease

151
Q

Type I

Gaucher’s
Disease

A

non-neuronopathic

152
Q

Type II Gaucher’s
Disease

A

acute
neuronopathic

153
Q

Type III Gaucher’s
Disease

A

sub-acute
neuronopathic

154
Q

deficiency of
sphingomyelinase

A

Niemann-Pick
Disease

155
Q

Abnormal accumulation
of sphingomyeli n and
cholesterol in body cells

A

Niemann-Pick
Disease

156
Q

macrophage with
cholesterol
overload due to
increase in foam
cells

A

Schuller
Christian
Disease

157
Q

condition Schuller
Christian Disease is associated to

A

hyperlipidemia

158
Q

Deficiency in
hexosaminidase A

A

Tay-Sachs Disease

159
Q

Autosomal
recessive
 Vacuolated
lymphocytes

A

Tay-Sachs
Disease

160
Q

Reduced Ig
production in
blood

A

Bruton Agammaglobulinemia

161
Q

Bruton
Agammaglobulinemia

disease associated to

A

B-cell deficiency

162
Q

Bruton Agammaglobulinemia

A

 inherited
infantile sex-
linked
 usually
affects males

163
Q

Reduced
production of Ig
due to overactivity
of T8cells

A

Common Variable
Hypogammaglobulinemia

164
Q

Nezelof’s Syndrome

A

Underdevelopment
of the thymus

165
Q

Congenital
immunodeficiency

A

Nezelof’s
Syndrome

166
Q

deletion of a small
piece of
chromosome 22

A

Di George’s
Syndrome

167
Q

T-cell
deficiency

A

Di George’s
Syndrome

Nezelof’s
Syndrome

168
Q

B-cell
deficiency

A

Common Variable Hypogammaglobulinemia
Bruton Agammaglobulinemia

169
Q

Loss of both T and B cells
function

A

Swiss-Type Aggamaglobulinemia

170
Q

 Failure of T-cell
response
 Only IgA and IgG
are present; IgM
is absent

A

Wiscott-Aldrich
Syndrome

171
Q

Decreased T
cellproduction

A

Ataxia Telangiectasia

172
Q

 Rare childhood
disease
 Affects the brain
and other parts
of the body

A

Ataxia
Telangiectasia

173
Q

Characterized
as having
progressive
loss of
muscular
coordination

A

Ataxia
Telangiectasia

174
Q
A

HEMATOLOGY (11 decks)

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