Rate Limiting Enzymes Flashcards
Glycolysis
Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)
PFK-1 regulators
Pos: AMP, F26BP
Neg: ATP, citrate
GLYCOLYSIS
Gluconeogenesis
Fructose-1,6-bisphoshatase
F16BP regulators
Pos: ATP, acetyl-CoA
Neg: AMP, F26BP
GLUCONEOGENESIS
TCA cycle
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Isocitrate dehydrogenase regulators
Pos: ADP
Neg: ATP, NADH
TCA CYCLE
Glycogenesis
Glycogen synthase
Glycogen synthase regulators
Pos: G6P, insulin, cortisol
Neg: epinephrine, glucagon
GLYCOGENESIS
Glycogenolysis
Glycogen phosphorylase
Glycogen phosphorylase regulators
Pos: epinephrine, glucagon, AMP
Neg: G6P, insulin, ATP
GLYCOGENOLYSIS
HMP shunt/PPP
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)
G6PD regulators
Pos: NADP+
Neg: NADPH
HMP SHUNT/PPP
De novo pyrimidine synthesis
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II regulators
None
DE NOVO PYRIMIDINE SYNTHESIS
De novo purine synthesis
Glutamine-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) aminotransferase
PRPP aminotransferase regulators
Neg: AMP, inosine monophosphate, GMP
DE NOVO PURINE SYNTHESIS
Urea cycle
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I regulators
Pos: N-acetylglutamate
UREA CYCLE
FA synthesis
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC)
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase regulators
Pos: insulin, citrate
Neg: glucagon, palmitoyl-CoA
FA SYNTHESIS
FA oxidation
Carnitine acyltransferase I
Carnitine acyltransferase I regulators
Neg: malonyl-CoA
FATTY ACID OXIDATION
Ketogenesis
HMG-CoA synthase
HMG-CoA synthase regulators
None
KETOGENESIS
Cholesterol synthesis
HMG-CoA reductase
HMG-CoA reductase regulators
Pos: insulin, thyroxine
Neg: glucagon, cholesterol
CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS