Neoplasia Pathology Flashcards by Abby Frederickson

Seven hallmarks of cancer

) Evasion apoptosis
) Growth signal self-sufficiency
) Anti-growth signal insensitivity
) Sustained angiogenesis
) Limitless replicative potential
) Tissue invasion
) Metastasis

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Degree of cellular differentiation and mitotic activity on histology

GRADE
1-4
1 = Low grade, well differentiated
4 = High grade, poorly differentiated, anaplastic

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Degree of localization/spread based on site and size of primary lesion, spread to LNs, presence of metastases

STAGE
T = tumor size
N = node involvement
M = metastasis

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Carcinoma origin

Epithelial
Malignant
Most spread lymphatically
--Exceptions:
----Renal cell carcinoma = renal vein
----Hepatocellular carcinoma = hepatic vein
----Follicular carcinoma of thyroid
----Choriocarcinoma

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Sarcoma origin

Mesenchymal
Malignant
Most spread hematogenously

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Epithelium

Benign? Malignant?

B = adenoma, papilloma
M = adenocarcinoma, papillary carcinoma

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Mesenchyme

Blood cells? M

Leukemia, lymphoma

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Mesenchyme

Blood vessels? B/M

B = Hemangioma
M = Angiosarcoma

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Mesenchyme

Smooth muscle? B/M

B = Leiomyoma
M = Leiomyosarcoma

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Mesenchyme

Striated muscle? B/M

B = Rhabdomyoma
M = Rhabdomyosarcoma

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Mesenchyme

Connective tissue? B/M

B = Fibroma
M = Fibrosarcoma

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Mesenchyme

Bone? B/M

B = Osteoma
M = Osteosarcoma

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Mesenchyme

Fat? B/M

B = Lipoma
M = Liposarcoma

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Well differentiated, low mitotic activity, well demarcated, no metastasis, no necrosis tumor

BENIGN

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Poorly differentiated, erratic growth, locally invasive/diffuse, may metastasize, decreased apoptosis (upregulation telomerase)

MALIGNANT

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Acanthosis nigricans (hyperpigmetnation and epidermal thickening) - associated neoplasm

Visceral malignancy - especially stomach

Actinic keratosis - associated neoplasm

Squamous cell carcinoma of skin

AIDS - associated neoplasm

Aggressive malignant lymphomas (non-Hodgkin)

Kaposi sarcoma

Autoimmune diseases (Hashimoto thyroiditis, SLE) - associated neoplasm

Lymphoma

Barrett esophagus (chronic GI reflux) - associated neoplasm

Esophageal adenocarcinoma

Chronic atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, postsurgical gastric remnants - associated neoplasm

Gastric adenocarcinoma

Cirrhosis - associated neoplasm

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Cushing syndrome - associated neoplasm

Small cell lung cancer

Dermatomyositis - associated neoplasm

Lung cancer

Down syndrome - associated neoplasm

ALL ("ALL fall Down") | AML

Dysplastic nevus - associated neoplasm

Malignant melanoma

Hypercalcemia - associated neoplasm

Squamous cell lung cancer

Immunodeficiency states - associated neoplasm

Malignant lymphomas

Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome - associated neoplasm

Small cell lung cancer

Myasthenia gravis, pure RBC aplasia - associated neoplasm

Thymoma

Paget disease of bone - associated neoplasm

Secondary osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma

Plummer-Vinson syndrome (decreased iron) - associated neoplasm

Squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus

Polycythemia - associated neoplasm

Renal cell carcinoma | Hepatocellular carcinoma

Radiation exposure - associated neoplasm

Leukemia Sarcoma Papillary thyroid cancer Breast cancer

SIADH - associated neoplasm

Small cell lung cancer

Tuberous sclerosis (facial angiofibroma, seizures, intellectual disability) - associated neoplasm

Giant cell astrocytoma Renal agniomyolipoma Cardiac rhabdomyoma

Ulcerative colitis - associated neoplasm

Colonic adenocarcinoma

Xeroderma pigmentosum, albinism - associated neoplasm

Melanoma Basal cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma (most common) OF SKIN