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USMLE > Neoplasia Pathology > Flashcards

Neoplasia Pathology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Seven hallmarks of cancer

A
  1. ) Evasion apoptosis
  2. ) Growth signal self-sufficiency
  3. ) Anti-growth signal insensitivity
  4. ) Sustained angiogenesis
  5. ) Limitless replicative potential
  6. ) Tissue invasion
  7. ) Metastasis
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2
Q

Degree of cellular differentiation and mitotic activity on histology

A

GRADE
1-4
1 = Low grade, well differentiated
4 = High grade, poorly differentiated, anaplastic

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3
Q

Degree of localization/spread based on site and size of primary lesion, spread to LNs, presence of metastases

A

STAGE
T = tumor size
N = node involvement
M = metastasis

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4
Q

Carcinoma origin

A 
Epithelial
Malignant
Most spread lymphatically
--Exceptions:
----Renal cell carcinoma = renal vein
----Hepatocellular carcinoma = hepatic vein
----Follicular carcinoma of thyroid
----Choriocarcinoma
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5
Q

Sarcoma origin

A

Mesenchymal
Malignant
Most spread hematogenously

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6
Q

Epithelium

Benign? Malignant?

A 
B = adenoma, papilloma
M = adenocarcinoma, papillary carcinoma
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7
Q

Mesenchyme

Blood cells? M

A

Leukemia, lymphoma

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8
Q

Mesenchyme

Blood vessels? B/M

A 
B = Hemangioma
M = Angiosarcoma
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9
Q

Mesenchyme

Smooth muscle? B/M

A 
B = Leiomyoma
M = Leiomyosarcoma
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10
Q

Mesenchyme

Striated muscle? B/M

A 
B = Rhabdomyoma
M = Rhabdomyosarcoma
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11
Q

Mesenchyme

Connective tissue? B/M

A 
B = Fibroma
M = Fibrosarcoma
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12
Q

Mesenchyme

Bone? B/M

A 
B = Osteoma
M = Osteosarcoma
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13
Q

Mesenchyme

Fat? B/M

A 
B = Lipoma
M = Liposarcoma
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14
Q

Well differentiated, low mitotic activity, well demarcated, no metastasis, no necrosis tumor

A

BENIGN

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15
Q

Poorly differentiated, erratic growth, locally invasive/diffuse, may metastasize, decreased apoptosis (upregulation telomerase)

A

MALIGNANT

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16
Q

Acanthosis nigricans (hyperpigmetnation and epidermal thickening) - associated neoplasm

A

Visceral malignancy - especially stomach

17
Q

Actinic keratosis - associated neoplasm

A

Squamous cell carcinoma of skin

18
Q

AIDS - associated neoplasm

A

Aggressive malignant lymphomas (non-Hodgkin)

Kaposi sarcoma

19
Q

Autoimmune diseases (Hashimoto thyroiditis, SLE) - associated neoplasm

A

Lymphoma

20
Q

Barrett esophagus (chronic GI reflux) - associated neoplasm

A

Esophageal adenocarcinoma

21
Q

Chronic atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, postsurgical gastric remnants - associated neoplasm

A

Gastric adenocarcinoma

22
Q

Cirrhosis - associated neoplasm

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

23
Q

Cushing syndrome - associated neoplasm

A

Small cell lung cancer

24
Q

Dermatomyositis - associated neoplasm

A

Lung cancer

25
Q

Down syndrome - associated neoplasm

A

ALL (“ALL fall Down”)

AML

26
Q

Dysplastic nevus - associated neoplasm

A

Malignant melanoma

27
Q

Hypercalcemia - associated neoplasm

A

Squamous cell lung cancer

28
Q

Immunodeficiency states - associated neoplasm

A

Malignant lymphomas

29
Q

Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome - associated neoplasm

A

Small cell lung cancer

30
Q

Myasthenia gravis, pure RBC aplasia - associated neoplasm

A

Thymoma

31
Q

Paget disease of bone - associated neoplasm

A

Secondary osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma

32
Q

Plummer-Vinson syndrome (decreased iron) - associated neoplasm

A

Squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus

33
Q

Polycythemia - associated neoplasm

A

Renal cell carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma

34
Q

Radiation exposure - associated neoplasm

A

Leukemia
Sarcoma
Papillary thyroid cancer
Breast cancer

35
Q

SIADH - associated neoplasm

A

Small cell lung cancer

36
Q

Tuberous sclerosis (facial angiofibroma, seizures, intellectual disability) - associated neoplasm

A

Giant cell astrocytoma
Renal agniomyolipoma
Cardiac rhabdomyoma

37
Q

Ulcerative colitis - associated neoplasm

A

Colonic adenocarcinoma

38
Q

Xeroderma pigmentosum, albinism - associated neoplasm

A

Melanoma
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma (most common)
OF SKIN

USMLE (38 decks)

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