Key Associations Flashcards
1
Q
Actinic (solar) keratosis
A
Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
2
Q
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
A
Cushing ulcer (increased intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric secretion)
3
Q
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
A
Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
4
Q
Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon
A
Skip lesions (Crohn disease)
5
Q
Aneurysm, dissecting
A
Hypertension
6
Q
Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta
A
Atherosclerosis
7
Q
Aortic aneurysm, arch
A
Tertiary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction
8
Q
Aortic aneurysm, ascending
A
Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)
9
Q
Atrophy of the mammillary bodies
A
Wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)
10
Q
Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)
A
Sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin S)
11
Q
Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer
A
Helicobacter pylori
12
Q
Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)
A
Streptococcus pneumoniae
13
Q
Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)
A
Group B streptococcus/Escherichia coli (newborns), Streptococcus pneumoniae/Neisseria meningitidis (kids)
14
Q
Benign melanocytic nevus
A
Spitz nevus (most common in 1st two decades)
15
Q
Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency
A
Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor)
16
Q
Brain tumor (adults)
A
Supratentorial: metastasis > astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme) > meningioma > schwannoma
17
Q
Brain tumor (kids)
A
Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or Supratentorial: craniopharyngioma
18
Q
Breast cancer
A
Infiltrating ductal carcinoma
19
Q
Breast mass
A
Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)
20
Q
Breast tumor (benign)
A
Fibroadenoma
21
Q
Cardiac primary tumor (kids)
A
Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis
22
Q
Cardiac manifestation of lupus
A
Libman-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve)
23
Q
Cardiac tumor (adults)
A
Metastasis, primary myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium; “ball and valve”)
24
Q
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
A
Chiari II malformation
25
Chronic arrhythmia
Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)
26
Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)
27
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
DES (diethylstilbestrol) exposure in utero
28
Compression fracture
Osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal woman; type II: elderly man or woman)
29
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension
21-hydroxylase deficiency
30
Congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD (ventricular septal defect)
31
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile
32
Constrictive pericarditis
TB (developing world); SLE (developed world)
33
Conorary artery involved in thrombosis
LAD > RCA > LCA
34
Cretinism
Iodine deficit/hypothyroidism
35
Cushing syndrome
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Iatrogenic Cushing (from corticosteroid therapy)
Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol)
ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma
Paraneoplastic Cushing (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)
```
36
Cyanosis (early; less common)
Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus
37
Cyanosis (late; more common)
VSD, ASD, PDA
38
Death in CML
Blast crisis
39
Death in SLE
Lupus nephropathy
40
Dementia
Alzheimer disease, multiple infarcts
41
Demyelinating disease in young women
Multiple sclerosis
42
DIC
Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery
43
Dietary deficit
Iron
44
Diverticulum in pharynx
Zenker diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)
45
Ejection click
Aortic/pulmonic stenosis
46
Esophageal cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (U.S.)
47
Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)
Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus
48
Glomerulonephritis (adults)
Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)
49
Gynecologic malignancy
Endometrial carcinoma (most common in U.S.); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)
50
Heart murmur, congenital
Mitral valve prolapse
51
Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse)
52
Helminth infection (U.S.)
Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides
53
Hematoma - epidural
Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform/football shaped)
54
Hematoma - subdural
Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)
55
Hemochromatosis
Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, "bronze diabetes," and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)
56
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C and with alcoholism)
57
Hereditary bleeding disorder
von Willebrand disease
58
Hereditary harmless jaundice
Gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
59
HLA-B27
Ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, ulcerative colitis, psoriatic arthritis
60
HLA-DR3 or -DR4
Diabetes mellitus type I, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE
61
Holosystolic murmur
VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
62
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
Virchow triad (results in venous thrombosis)
63
Hypertension, secondary
Renal disease
64
Hypoparathyroidism
Accidental excision during thyroidectomy
65
Hypopituitarism
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)
66
Infection secondary to blood transfusion
Hepatitis C
67
Infections in chronic granulomatous disease
Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalase +)
68
Intellectual disability
Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome
69
Kidney stones
Calcium = radiopaque
Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease + organisms such as Proteus vulgaris or Staphylococcus)
Uric acid = radiolucent
70
Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)
Eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)
71
Liver disease
Alcoholic cirrhosis
72
Lysosomal storage disease
Gaucher disease
73
Male cancer
Prostatic carcinoma
74
Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
Hodgkin lymphoma
75
Malignancy (kids)
ALL, meduloblastoma (cerebellum)
76
Metastases to liver
Colon >> stomach, pancreas
77
Mitochondrial inheritance
Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only
78
Mitral valve stenosis
Rheumatic heart disease
79
Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
80
Myocarditis
Coxsackie B
81
Nephrotic syndrome (adults)
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
82
Nephrotic syndrome (kids)
Minimal change disease
83
Neuron migration failure
Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)
84
Nosocomial pneumonia
Klebsiella, E.coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
85
Obstruction of male urinary tract
BPH
86
Opening snap
Mitral stenosis
87
Opportunistic infection in AIDS
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
88
Osteomyelitis
Staphylococcus aureus
89
Osteomyelitis with IV drug use
Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus aureus
90
Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer
Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet-ring cells)
91
Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)
Serous cystadenoma
92
Ovarian tumor (malignant)
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
93
Pancreatitis (acute)
Gallstones, alcohol
94
Pancreatitis (chronic)
Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
95
Patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML
ALL: child, CLL: adult > 60, AML: adult 65, CML: adult 30-60
96
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae
97
Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (bcr-abl)
CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)
98
Pituitary tumor
Prolactinoma, somatotropic "acidophilic" adenoma
99
Primary amenorrhea
Turner syndrome (45, XO)
100
Primary bone tumor (adults)
Multiple myeloma
101
Primary hyperaldosteronism
Adenoma of adrenal cortex
102
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma
103
Primary liver cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency
104
Pulmonary hypertension
COPD
105
Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities
Buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco)
106
Renal tumor
Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)
107
Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause
Cor pulmonale
108
S3 (protodiastolic gallop)
Increased ventricular filling (left-to-right shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure [CHF])
109
S4 (presystolic gallop)
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
110
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
111
Sexually transmitted disease
Chlamydia (usually coinfected with gonorrhea)
112
SIADH
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
113
Site of diverticula
Sigmoid colon
114
Sites of atherosclerosis
Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery
115
Stomach cancer
Adenocarcinoma
116
Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)
117
t(14;18)
Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)
118
t(8;14)
Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc activation)
119
t(9;22)
Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl fusion)
120
Temporal arteritis
Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica
121
Testicular tumor
Seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive)
122
Thyroid cancer
Papillary carcinoma
123
Tumor in women
Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)
124
Tumor of infancy
Hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)
125
Tumor of adrenal medulla (adults)
Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
126
Tumor of adrenal medulla (kids)
Neuroblastoma (malignant)
127
Type of Hodgkin
Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
128
UTI
E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)
129
Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
HSV-1
130
Vitamin deficiency (U.S.)
Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3- to 4-month supply; prevents neural tube defects)
