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USMLE Step 1 > Rapid Review - First Aid > Flashcards

Rapid Review - First Aid Flashcards

1
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • gout
  • intellectual disability
  • self-mutilating behavior
  • male
A

Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome

  • HGPRT deficiency
  • X-linked recessive
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2
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • situs inversus
  • chronic sinusitis
  • bronchiectasis
  • infertility
A

Kartagener Syndrome

  • dynein arm defect affecting cilia
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3
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • blue sclera
A

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

  • type I collagen defect
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4
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • elastic skin
  • hypermobility of joints
  • ↑ bleeding tendency
A

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

  • type V collagen defect
  • type III collagen defect seen in vascular subtype of ED
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5
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • arachnodactyly
  • lens dislocation (upward)
  • aortic dissection
  • hyperflexible joints
A

Marfan Syndrome

  • fibrillin defect
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6
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • café-au-lait spots (unilateral)
  • polyostotic fibrous dysplasia
  • precocious puberty
  • multiple endocrine abnormalities
A

McCune-Albright Syndrome

  • mosaic G-protein signaling mutation
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7
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • calf pseudohypertrophy
A

Muscular Dystrophy

  • most commonly Duchenne
  • due to X-linked recessive frameshift mutation of dystrophin gene
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8
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • child uses arms to stand up from squat
A

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

  • Gowers sign
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9
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • slow, progressive muscle weakness in boys
A

Becker Muscular Dystrophy

  • X-linked missense mutation in dystrophin
  • less severe than Duchenne
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10
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • cleft lip/palate
  • microcephaly or holoprosencephaly
  • polydactyly
  • cutis aplasia
A

Patau Syndrome

  • Trisomy 13
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11
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • microcephaly
  • rocker-bottom feet
  • clenched hands
  • structural heart defect
A

Edwards Syndrome

  • Trisomy 18
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12
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • single palmar crease
A

Down Syndrome

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13
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • dilated cardiomyopathy
  • edema
  • alcoholism or malnutrition
A

Wet Beriberi

  • thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency
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14
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • dermatitis
  • dementia
  • diarrhea
A

Pellagra

  • niacin (vitamin B3) deficiency
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15
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • swollen gums
  • mucosal bleeding
  • poor wound healing
  • petechiae
A

Scurvy

  • vitamin C deficiency
  • can’t hydroxylate proline/lysine for collagen synthesis
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16
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • chronic exercise intolerance
  • myalgia
  • fatigue
  • painful cramps
  • myoglobinuria
A

McArdle Disease

  • skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase deficiency
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17
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • infant
  • hypoglycemia
  • hepatomegaly
A

Cori Disease

  • debranching enzyme deficiency

Von Gierke disease

  • glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency
  • more severe
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18
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • myopathy (infantile hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
  • exercise intolerance
A

Pompe Disease

  • lysosomal α-1,4-glucosidase deficiency
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19
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • “cherry-red spots” on macula
A

Tay-Sachs

  • ganglioside accumulation

Niemann-Pick

  • sphingomyelin accumulation

Central Retinal Artery Occlusion

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20
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • hepatosplenomegaly
  • pancytopenia
  • osteoporosis
  • aseptic necrosis of femoral head
  • bone crises
A

Gaucher Disease

  • glucocerebrosidase deficiency
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21
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • achilles tendon xanthoma
A

Familial Hypercholesterolemia

  • ↓ LDL receptor signaling
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22
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • anaphylaxis following blood transfusion
A

IgA Deficiency

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23
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • male child
  • recurrent infections
  • no mature B cells
A

Bruton Disease

  • X-linked agammaglobulinemia
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24
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • recurrent cold (noninflamed) abscesses
  • unusual eczema
  • high serum IgE
A

Hyper-IgE Syndrome

  • Job Syndrome
  • neutrophil chemotaxis abnormality
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25
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • strawberry tongue
A
  • Scarlet Fever
  • Kawasaki Disease
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26
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • adrenal hemorrhage
  • hypotension
  • DIC
A

Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome

  • meningococcemia
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27
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • red “currant jelly” sputum
  • alcoholic or diabetic patients
A

Klebsiella pneumoniae Pneumonia

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28
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • large rash with bull’s-eye appearance
A

Erythema Chronicum Migrans

  • Ixodes tick bite
  • Lyme Disease: Borrelia
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29
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • indurated, ulcerated genital lesion
A
  • Nonpainful: chancre (1° syphilis, Treponema pallidum)
  • Painful, with exudate: chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)
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30
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • pupil accommodates but doesn’t react
A

Neurosyphilis

  • Argyll Robertson pupil
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31
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • smooth, moist, painless, wart-like white lesions on genitals
A

Condylomata Lata

  • 2° syphilis
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32
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • fever, chills, headache, and myalgia following antibiotic treatment for syphilis
A

Jarisch-Herxheimer Reaction

  • rapid lysis of spirochetes results in endotoxin-like release
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33
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • dog or cat bite resulting in infection
A
  • Pasteurella multocida*
  • cellulitis at inoculation site)
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34
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • rash on palms and soles
A
  • Coxsackie A
  • 2° Syphilis
  • Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
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35
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • black eschar on face
  • diabetic ketoacidosis
A

Mucor or Rhizopus fungal infection

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36
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • chorioretinitis
  • hydrocephalus
  • intracranial calcifications
A

Congenital Toxoplasmosis

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37
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • fever
  • cough
  • conjunctivitis
  • coryza
  • diffuse rash
A

Measles

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38
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • small, irregular red spots on buccal/lingual mucosa with blue-white centers
A

Koplik Spots

  • measles (rubeola) virus
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39
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • back pain
  • fever
  • night sweats
A

Pott Disease

  • vertebral TB
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40
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • child with fever later develops red rash on face that spreads to body
A

Erythema Infectiosum/Fifth Disease

  • “slapped cheeks” appearance
  • Parvovirus B19
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41
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • abdominal pain
  • diarrhea
  • leukocytosis
  • recent antibiotic use
A

Clostridium difficile

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42
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • bounding pulses
  • wide pulse pressure
  • diastolic heart murmur
  • head bobbing
A

Aortic Regurgitation

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43
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • systolic ejection murmur (crescendo-decrescendo)
A

Aortic Stenosis

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44
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • continuous “machine-like” heart murmur
A

PDA

  • close with indomethacin
  • keep open with PGE analogs
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45
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • chest pain on exertion
A

Angina

  • stable: with moderate exertion
  • unstable: with minimal exertion or at rest
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46
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • chest pain
  • ST depression on ECG
A
  • Angina (⊝ troponins)
  • NSTEMI (⊕ troponins)
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47
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • chest pain
  • pericardial effusion/friction rub
  • persistent fever following MI
A

Dressler Syndrome

  • autoimmune-mediated post-MI fibrinous pericarditis
  • 2 weeks to several months after acute episode
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48
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • painful, raised red lesions on pads of fingers/toes
A

Osler Nodes

  • infective endocarditis
  • immune complex deposition
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49
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • painless erythematous lesions on palms and soles
A

Janeway Lesions

  • infective endocarditis
  • septic emboli/microabscesses
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50
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • splinter hemorrhages in fingernails
A

Bacterial Endocarditis

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51
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • retinal hemorrhages with pale centers
A

Roth Spots

  • bacterial endocarditis
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52
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • distant heart sounds
  • distended neck veins
  • hypotension
A

Beck Triad

  • cardiac tamponade
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53
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • cervical lymphadenopathy
  • desquamating rash
  • coronary aneurysms
  • red conjunctivae and tongue
  • hand-foot changes
A

Kawasaki Disease

  • treat with IVIG and aspirin
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54
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • palpable purpura on buttocks/legs
  • joint pain
  • abdominal pain (child)
  • hematuria
A

Henoch-Schönlein Purpura

  • IgA vasculitis affecting skin and kidneys
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55
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • telangiectasias
  • recurrent epistaxis
  • skin discoloration
  • arteriovenous malformations
  • GI bleeding
  • hematuria
A

Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia

  • Osler-Weber-Rendu Syndrome
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56
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • skin hyperpigmentation
  • hypotension
  • fatigue
A

1° Adrenocortical Insufficiency

  • Addison Disease
  • causes ↑ ACTH and ↑ α-MSH production
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57
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • cold intolerance
A

Hypothyroidism

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58
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • cutaneous/dermal edema due to deposition of mucopolysaccharides in connective tissue
A

Myxedema

  • caused by hypothyroidism
  • Graves Disease—pretibial
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59
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • facial muscle spasm upon tapping
A

Chvostek Sign

  • hypocalcemia
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60
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • no lactation postpartum
  • absent menstruation
  • cold intolerance
A

Sheehan Syndrome

  • postpartum hemorrhage leading to pituitary infarction
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61
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • deep, labored breathing/hyperventilation
A

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

  • Kussmaul respirations
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62
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • cutaneous flushing
  • diarrhea
  • bronchospasm
A

Carcinoid Syndrome

  • right-sided cardiac valvular lesions
  • ↑ 5-HIAA
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63
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • pancreatic, pituitary, parathyroid tumors
A

MEN 1

  • autosomal dominant
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64
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • thyroid tumors
  • pheochromocytoma
  • ganglioneuromatosis
  • Marfanoid habitus
A

MEN 2B

  • autosomal dominant RET mutation
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65
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • thyroid and parathyroid tumors
  • pheochromocytoma
A

MEN 2A

  • autosomal dominant RET mutation
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66
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • jaundice
  • palpable distended non-tender gallbladder
A

Courvoisier Sign

  • distal malignant obstruction of biliary tree
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67
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • painless jaundice
A

Cancer of the Pancreatic Head

  • obstruction of the bile duct
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68
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • vomiting blood following gastroesophageal lacerations
A

Mallory-Weiss Syndrome

  • alcoholic and bulimic patients
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69
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • dysphagia (esophageal webs)
  • glossitis
  • iron deficiency anemia
A

Plummer-Vinson Syndrome

  • may progress to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
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70
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • enlarged, hard left supraclavicular node
A

Virchow Node

  • abdominal metastasis
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71
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • weight loss
  • diarrhea
  • arthritis
  • fever
  • adenopathy
A

Whipple Disease

  • Tropheryma whipplei
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72
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • severe RLQ pain with palpation of LLQ
A

Rovsing Sign

  • acute appendicitis
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73
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • severe RLQ pain with deep tenderness
A

McBurney Sign

  • acute appendicitis
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74
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • hamartomatous GI polyps
  • hyperpigmentation of mouth/feet/hands/genitalia
A

Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome

  • inherited, benign polyposis can cause bowel obstruction
  • ↑ cancer risk, mainly GI
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75
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • multiple colon polyps
  • osteomas/soft tissue tumors
  • impacted/supernumerary teeth
A

Gardner Syndrome

  • subtype of FAP
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76
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • abdominal pain
  • ascites
  • hepatomegaly
A

Budd-Chiari Syndrome

  • posthepatic venous thrombosis
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77
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • severe jaundice in neonate
A

Crigler-Najjar Syndrome

  • congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
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78
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • golden brown rings around peripheral cornea
A

Wilson Disease

  • Kayser-Fleischer rings due to copper accumulation
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79
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • fat
  • female
  • forty
  • fertile
  • familial
A

Cholelithiasis

  • gallstones
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80
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • short stature
  • café-au-lait spots
  • thumb/radial defects
  • ↑ incidence of tumors/leukemia
  • aplastic anemia
A

Fanconi Anemia

  • genetic loss of DNA crosslink repair
  • often progresses to AML
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81
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • red urine in the morning
  • fragile RBCs
A

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria

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82
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • painful blue fingers/toes
  • hemolytic anemia
A

Cold Agglutinin Disease

  • autoimmune hemolytic anemia
  • caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, infectious mononucleosis, and CLL
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83
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • mucosal bleeding
  • prolonged bleeding time
A

Glanzmann Thrombasthenia

  • defect in platelet aggregation due to lack of GpIIb/IIIa
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84
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • fever
  • night sweats
  • weight loss
A

B Symptoms of Lymphoma

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85
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • erythroderma
  • lymphadenopathy
  • hepatosplenomegaly
  • atypical T cells
A

Mycosis Fungoides

  • cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

Sézary Syndrome

  • mycosis fungoides + malignant T cells in blood
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86
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • WBCs that look “smudged”
A

CLL

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87
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • athlete
  • polycythemia
A

2° to Erythropoietin Injection

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88
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • neonate with arm paralysis following difficult birth
  • arm in “waiter’s tip” position
A

Erb-Duchenne Palsy

  • superior trunk (C5–C6) brachial plexus injury
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89
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • anterior “drawer sign” ⊕
A

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury

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90
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • bone pain
  • bone enlargement
  • arthritis
A

Paget Disease of Bone

  • ↑ osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity
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91
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • swollen, hard, painful finger joints in an elderly individual
  • pain worse with activity
A

Osteoarthritis

  • osteophytes
    • PIP—Bouchard nodes
    • DIP—Heberden nodes
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92
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • sudden swollen/painful big toe joint
  • tophi
A

Gout/Podagra

  • hyperuricemia
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93
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • dry eyes
  • dry mouth
  • arthritis
A

Sjögren Syndrome

  • autoimmune destruction of exocrine glands
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94
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • urethritis
  • conjunctivitis
  • arthritis
  • male
A

Reactive Arthritis

  • HLA-B27
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95
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • “butterfly” facial rash
  • Raynaud phenomenon
  • young female
A

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

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96
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • painful fingers/toes changing color from white to blue to red with cold or stress
A

Raynaud Phenomenon

  • vasospasm in extremities
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97
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • anticentromere antibodies
A

Scleroderma

  • CREST
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98
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • dark purple skin/mouth nodules in a patient with AIDS
A

Kaposi Sarcoma

  • associated with HHV-8
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99
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • anti-desmoglein (anti-desmosome) antibodies
A

Pemphigus Vulgaris

  • blistering
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100
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • pruritic, purple, polygonal planar papules and plaques
A

Lichen Planus

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101
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • ↑ AFP in amniotic fluid/maternal serum
A
  • Dating Error
  • Open Neural Tube Defects
    • anencephaly
    • spina bifida
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102
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • toe extension/fanning upon plantar scrape
A

Babinski Sign

  • UMN lesion
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103
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • hyperphagia
  • hypersexuality
  • hyperorality
  • hyperdocility
A

Klüver-Bucy Syndrome

  • bilateral amygdala lesion
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104
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • lucid interval after traumatic brain injury
A

Epidural Hematoma

  • middle meningeal artery rupture
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105
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • “worst headache of my life”
A

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

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106
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • resting tremor
  • rigidity
  • akinesia
  • postural instability
  • shuffling gait
A

Parkinson Disease

  • loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta
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107
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • chorea
  • dementia
  • caudate degeneration
A

Huntington Disease

  • autosomal dominant CAG repeat expansion
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108
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • nystagmus
  • intention tremor
  • scanning speech
  • bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia
A

Multiple Sclerosis

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109
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • rapidly progressive limb weakness that ascends following GI/upper respiratory infection
A

Guillain-Barré Syndrome

  • acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy subtype
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110
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • café-au-lait spots
  • Lisch nodules (iris hamartoma)
  • cutaneous neurofibromas
  • pheochromocytomas
  • optic gliomas
A

Neurofibromatosis Type I

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111
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • vascular birthmark (port-wine stain) of the face
A

Nevus Flammeus

  • benign
  • associated with Sturge-Weber syndrome
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112
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • renal cell carcinoma (bilateral)
  • hemangioblastomas
  • angiomatosis
  • pheochromocytoma
A

von Hippel-Lindau Disease

  • dominant tumor suppressor gene mutation
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113
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • bilateral acoustic schwannomas
A

Neurofibromatosis Type 2

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114
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • hyperreflexia
  • hypertonia
  • Babinski sign present
A

UMN damage

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115
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • hyporeflexia
  • hypotonia
  • atrophy
  • fasciculations
A

LMN damage

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116
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • unilateral facial drooping involving forehead
A

LMN Facial Nerve (CN VII) Palsy

  • UMN lesions spare the forehead
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117
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • episodic vertigo
  • tinnitus
  • hearing loss
A

Meniere Disease

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118
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • ptosis
  • miosis
  • anhidrosis
A

Horner Syndrome

  • sympathetic chain lesion
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119
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • conjugate horizontal gaze palsy
  • horizontal diplopia
A

Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia

  • damage to MLF
  • may be unilateral or bilateral
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120
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • polyuria
  • renal tubular acidosis type II
  • growth failure
  • electrolyte imbalances
  • hypophosphatemic rickets
A

Fanconi Syndrome

  • multiple combined dysfunction of the proximal convoluted tubule
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121
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • bluish line on gingiva
A

Burton Line

  • lead poisoning
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122
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • periorbital and/or peripheral edema
  • proteinuria (> 3.5g/day)
  • hypoalbuminemia
  • hypercholesterolemia
A

Nephrotic Syndrome

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123
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • hereditary nephritis
  • sensorineural hearing loss
  • cataracts
A

Alport Syndrome

  • mutation in collagen IV
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124
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • streak ovaries
  • congenital heart disease
  • horseshoe kidney
  • cystic hygroma at birth
  • short stature
  • webbed neck
  • lymphedema
A

Turner Syndrome (45,XO)

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125
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • red, itchy, swollen rash of nipple/areola
A

Paget Disease of the Breast

  • sign of underlying neoplasm
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126
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • fibrous plaques in soft tissue of penis
  • abnormal curvature
A

Peyronie Disease

  • connective tissue disorder
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127
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • hypoxemia
  • polycythemia
  • hypercapnia
A

Chronic Bronchitis

  • hyperplasia of mucous cells
  • “blue bloater”
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128
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • pink complexion
  • dyspnea
  • hyperventilation
A

Emphysema

  • “pink puffer”
  • centriacinar—smoking
  • panacinar—α1-antitrypsin deficiency
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129
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • bilateral hilar adenopathy
  • uveitis
A

Sarcoidosis

  • noncaseating granulomas
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130
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • ↓ AFP in amniotic fluid/maternal serum
A

Down Syndrome

  • chromosomal abnormalities
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131
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • large granules in phagocytes
  • immunodeficiency
A

Chédiak-Higashi Disease

  • congenital failure of phagolysosome formation
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132
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • recurrent infections
  • eczema
  • thrombocytopenia
A

Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome

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133
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • branching gram ⊕ rods with sulfur granules
A

Actinomyces israelii

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134
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • Optochin sensitivity
A
  • Sensitive: S. pneumoniae
  • Resistant: viridans streptococci (S. mutans, S. sanguis)
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135
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • Novobiocin sensitivity
A
  • Sensitive: S. epidermidis
  • Resistant: S. saprophyticus
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136
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • Bacitracin sensitivity
A
  • Sensitive: S. pyogenes (group A)
  • Resistant: S. agalactiae (group B)
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137
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • Streptococcus bovis bacteremia
A

Colon Cancer

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138
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • hilar lymphadenopathy
  • peripheral granulomatous lesion in middle or lower lung lobes (can calcify)
A

Ghon Complex

  • 1° TB: Mycobacterium bacilli
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139
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • bacteria-covered vaginal epithelial cells
A

“Clue Cells”

  • Gardnerella vaginalis
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140
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • ring-enhancing brain lesion on CT/MRI in AIDS
A
  • Toxoplasma gondii
  • CNS Lymphoma
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141
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • cardiomegaly with apical atrophy
A

Chagas Disease

  • Trypanosoma cruzi
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142
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • heterophile antibodies
A

Infectious Mononucleosis

  • EBV
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143
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • intranuclear eosinophilic droplet-like bodies
A

Cowdry Type A Bodies

  • HSV
  • VZV
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144
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • eosinophilic globule in liver
A

Councilman Body

  • viral hepatitis
  • yellow fever
  • represents hepatocyte undergoing apoptosis
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145
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • “steeple” sign on frontal CXR
A

Croup

  • parainfluenza virus
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146
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • eosinophilic inclusion bodies in cytoplasm of hippocampal and cerebellar neurons
A

Negri Bodies

  • rabies
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147
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • atypical lymphocytes
A

EBV

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148
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies
A

CMV

  • “owl eye” appearance
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149
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • “thumb sign” on lateral neck x-ray
A

Epiglottitis

  • Haemophilus influenzae
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150
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • “delta wave” on ECG
  • short PR interval
  • supraventricular tachycardia
A

Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome

  • Bundle of Kent bypasses AV node
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151
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • “boot-shaped” heart on x-ray
A

Tetralogy of Fallot

  • due to RVH
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152
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • rib notching (inferior surface, on x-ray)
A

Coarctation of the Aorta

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153
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • heart nodules (granulomatous)
A

Aschoff Bodies

  • rheumatic fever
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154
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • electrical alternans (alternating amplitude on ECG)
A

Pericardial Tamponade

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155
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • hypertension
  • hypokalemia
  • metabolic alkalosis
A

1° Hyperaldosteronism

  • Conn Syndrome
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156
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei with central clearing
A

“Orphan Annie” Eyes Nuclei

  • papillary carcinoma of the thyroid
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157
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs)
A

Microscopic Polyangiitis and Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis

  • MPO-ANCA/p-ANCA

Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis

  • Wegener
  • PR3-ANCA/c-ANCA

Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

  • MPO-ANCA/p-ANCA
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158
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • mucin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus
A

“Signet Ring”

  • gastric carcinoma
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159
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • anti-transglutaminase/anti-gliadin/anti-endomysial antibodies
A

Celiac Disease

  • diarrhea
  • weight loss
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160
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • narrowing of bowel lumen on barium x-ray
A

“String Sign”

  • Crohn Disease
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161
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • “lead pipe” appearance of colon on abdominal imaging
A

Ulcerative Colitis

  • loss of haustra
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162
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • thousands of polyps on colonoscopy
A

Familial Adenomatous Polyposis

  • autosomal dominant
  • mutation of APC gene
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163
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • “apple core” lesion on barium enema x-ray
A

Colorectal Cancer

  • usually left-sided
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164
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cell
A

Mallory Body

  • alcoholic liver disease
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165
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles
A

Fatty Liver Disease

  • alcoholic
  • metabolic syndrome
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166
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • “nutmeg” appearance of liver
A

Chronic Passive Congestion of Liver

  • right heart failure
  • Budd-Chiari Syndrome
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167
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs)
A

1° Biliary Cirrhosis

  • female
  • cholestasis
  • portal hypertension
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168
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • low serum ceruloplasmin
A

Wilson Disease

  • hepatolenticular degeneration
  • Kayser-Fleischer rings due to copper accumulation
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169
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • migratory thrombophlebitis (leading to migrating DVTs and vasculitis)
A

Trousseau Syndrome

  • adenocarcinoma of pancreas or lungs
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170
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs
A

Howell-Jolly Bodies

  • due to splenectomy or nonfunctional spleen
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171
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • hypochromic, microcytic anemia
A
  • Iron Deficiency Anemia
  • Lead Poisoning
  • Thalassemia—fetal hemoglobin sometimes present
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172
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • basophilic stippling of RBCs
A
  • Lead Poisoning
  • Sideroblastic Anemia
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173
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • “hair on end” (“crew-cut”) appearance on x-ray
A

Marrow Expansion

  • β-Thalassemia
  • Sickle Cell Disease
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174
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • hypersegmented neutrophils
A

Megaloblastic Anemia

  • B12 deficiency: neurologic symptoms
  • folate deficiency: no neurologic symptoms
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175
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • antiplatelet antibodies
A

Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

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176
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • high level of d-dimers
A
  • DVT
  • PE
  • DIC
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177
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • giant B cells with bilobed nuclei with prominent inclusions (“owl’s eye”)
A

Reed-Sternberg Cells

  • Hodgkin Lymphoma
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178
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • sheets of medium-sized lymphoid cells with scattered pale, tingible body–laden macrophages (“starry sky” histology)
A

Burkitt Lymphoma

  • t(8:14) c-myc activation
  • associated with EBV
  • “starry sky” made up of malignant cells
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179
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • lytic (“punched-out”) bone lesions on x-ray
A

Multiple Myeloma

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180
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • monoclonal antibody spike
A
  • Multiple Myeloma (usually IgG or IgA)
  • Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS consequence of aging)
  • Waldenström (M protein = IgM) Macroglobulinemia
  • Primary Amyloidosis
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181
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • stacks of RBCs
A

Rouleaux Formation

  • high ESR
  • multiple myeloma
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182
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • azurophilic peroxidase ⊕ granular inclusions in granulocytes and myeloblasts
A

Auer Rods

  • AML, especially the promyelocytic (M3) type
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183
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • WBCs that look “smudged”
A

CLL

  • almost always B cell
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184
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • “tennis racket”-shaped cytoplasmic organelles (EM) in Langerhans cells
A

Birbeck Granules

  • Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
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185
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • “brown” tumor of bone
A

Hyperparathyroidism or Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica

  • deposited hemosiderin from hemorrhage gives brown color
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186
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • raised periosteum (creating a “Codman triangle”)
A

Aggressive Bone Lesion

  • Osteosarcoma
  • Ewing Sarcoma
  • Osteomyelitis
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187
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • “soap bubble” in femur or tibia on x-ray
A

Giant Cell Tumor of Bone

  • generally benign
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188
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • “onion skin” periosteal reaction
A

Ewing Sarcoma

  • malignant small blue cell tumor
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189
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • anti-IgG antibodies
A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

  • systemic inflammation
  • joint pannus
  • boutonniere and swan neck deformities
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190
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • rhomboid crystals
  • ⊕ birefringent
A

Pseudogout

  • calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals
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191
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • needle-shaped crystals
  • ⊝ birefringent
A

Gout

  • monosodium urate crystals
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192
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • ↑ uric acid levels
A
  • Gout
  • Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
  • Tumor Lysis Syndrome
  • Loop and Thiazide Diuretics
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193
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • “bamboo spine” on x-ray
A

Ankylosing Spondylitis

  • chronic inflammatory arthritis
  • HLA-B27
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194
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • antinuclear antibodies (ANAs: anti-Smith and antidsDNA)
A

SLE

  • type III hypersensitivity
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195
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • anti-topoisomerase antibodies
A

Diffuse Systemic Scleroderma

196
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • keratin pearls on a skin biopsy
A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

197
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • antihistone antibodies
A

Drug-Induced SLE

  • Hydralazine
  • Isoniazid
  • Phenytoin
  • Procainamide
198
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • bloody or yellow tap on lumbar puncture
A

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

199
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • yellowish CSF
A

Xanthochromia

  • due to subarachnoid hemorrhage
200
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in neuron
A

Lewy Body

  • Parkinson Disease
  • Lewy Body Dementia
201
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • extracellular amyloid deposition in gray matter of brain
A

Senile Plaques

  • Alzheimer Disease
202
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra
A

Parkinson Disease

  • basal ganglia disorder
  • rigidity
  • resting tremor
  • bradykinesia
203
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of tau protein
A
  • Alzheimer Disease—neurofibrillary tangles
  • Pick Disease—Pick bodies
204
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • silver-staining spherical aggregation of tau proteins in neurons
A

Pick Bodies

  • Pick Disease
    • progressive dementia,
    • changes in personality
205
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • pseudopalisading tumor cells on brain biopsy
A

Glioblastoma Multiforme

206
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • circular grouping of dark tumor cells surrounding pale neurofibrils
A

Homer-Wright Rosettes

  • Neuroblastoma
  • Medulloblastoma
207
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • “waxy” casts with very low urine flow
A

Chronic End-Stage Renal Disease

208
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • RBC casts in urine
A

Glomerulonephritis

209
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • “tram-track” appearance of capillary loops of glomerular basement membranes on light microscopy
A

Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis

210
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli
A

Kimmelstiel-Wilson Nodules

  • diabetic nephropathy
211
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • podocyte fusion or “effacement” on electron microscopy
A

Minimal Change Disease

  • child with Nephrotic Syndrome
212
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • “spikes” on basement membrane
  • “dome-like” subepithelial deposits
A

Membranous Nephropathy

  • Nnephrotic Syndrome
213
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • anti–glomerular basement membrane antibodies
A

Goodpasture Syndrome

  • glomerulonephritis
  • hemoptysis
214
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • cellular crescents in Bowman capsule
A

Rapidly Progressive Crescentic Glomerulonephritis

215
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • “wire loop” glomerular capillary appearance on light microscopy
A

Diffuse Proliferative Glomerulonephritis

  • usually seen with lupus
216
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • linear appearance of IgG deposition on glomerular and alveolar basement membranes
A

Goodpasture Syndrome

217
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • “lumpy bumpy” appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence
A

Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis

  • due to deposition of IgG, IgM, and C3
218
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • necrotizing vasculitis (lungs)
  • necrotizing glomerulonephritis
A

Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Wegener)

  • PR3-ANCA/c-ANCA

Goodpasture Syndrome

  • anti–basement membrane antibodies
219
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • thyroid-like appearance of kidney
A

Chronic Pyelonephritis

  • usually due to recurrent infections
220
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • WBC casts in urine
A

Acute Pyelonephritis

221
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • renal epithelial casts in urine
A

Intrinsic Renal Failure

  • ischemia or toxic injury
222
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • hCG elevated
A
  • Choriocarcinoma
  • Hydatidiform Mole
    • occurs with and without embryo, and multiple pregnancy
223
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • dysplastic squamous cervical cells with “raisinoid” nuclei
  • hyperchromasia
A

Koilocytes

  • HPV
  • predisposes to cervical cancer
224
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • Psammoma bodies
A
  • Meningiomas
  • Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
  • Mesothelioma
  • Papillary Serous Carcinoma of the Endometrium and Ovary
225
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • disarrayed granulosa cells arranged around collections of eosinophilic fluid
A

Call-Exner Bodies

  • granulosa cell tumor of the ovary
226
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • “chocolate cyst” of ovary
A

Endometriosis

  • frequently involves both ovaries
227
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • mammary gland (“blue domed”) cyst
A

Fibrocystic Change of the Breast

228
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • glomerulus-like structure surrounding vessel in germ cells
A

Schiller-Duval Bodies

  • Yolk Sac Tumor
229
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • rectangular, crystal-like, cytoplasmic inclusions in Leydig cells
A

Reinke Crystals

  • Leydig Cell Tumor
230
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • thrombi made of white/red layers
A

Lines of Zahn

  • arterial thrombus
  • layers of platelets/RBCs
231
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • hexagonal, double-pointed, needle-like crystals in bronchial secretions
A

Charcot-Leyden Crystals

  • Bronchial Asthma
  • eosinophilic granules
232
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • desquamated epithelium casts in sputum
A

Curschmann Spirals

  • Bronchial Asthma
  • can result in whorled mucous plugs
233
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • “honeycomb lung” on x-ray or CT
A

Interstitial Pulmonary Fibrosis

234
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • colonies of mucoid Pseudomonas in lungs
A

Cystic Fibrosis

  • autosomal recessive mutation in CFTR gene → fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and mucous plugs
235
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • iron-containing nodules in alveolar septum
A

Ferruginous Bodies

  • asbestosis
  • ↑ chance of lung cancer
236
Q

Classic Labs/Findings:

  • bronchogenic apical lung tumor on imaging
A

Pancoast Tumor

  • can compress cervical sympathetic chain and cause Horner syndrome
237
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Ethylene Glycol/Methanol Intoxication
A

Fomepizole

  • alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor
238
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Neisseria meningitidis
A
  • Penicillin
  • Ceftriaxone
  • Rifampin—prophylaxis
239
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Clostridium botulinum
240
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Clostridium tetani
241
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Staphylococcus aureus
A

MSSA:

  • Nafcillin
  • Oxacillin
  • Dicloxacillin

MRSA:

  • Vancomycin
  • Daptomycin
  • Linezolid
  • Ceftaroline
242
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Streptococcus pyogenes
A

Penicillin Prophylaxis

243
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
A
  • Penicillin/Cephalosporin—systemic infection, pneumonia
  • Vancomycin—meningitis
244
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Streptococcus bovis
A
  • Penicillin Prophylaxis
  • evaluation for colon cancer if linked to endocarditis
245
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Enterococci
A
  • Vancomycin
  • Aminopenicillins
  • Cephalosporins
246
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Haemophilus influenzae
A
  • Amoxicillin ± Clavulanate—mucosal infections
  • Ceftriaxone—meningitis
  • Rifampin—prophylaxis
247
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Legionella pneumophila
A

Macrolides

  • Azithromycin
248
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
A
  • Piperacillin/Tazobactam
  • Aminoglycosides
  • Carbapenems
249
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Treponema pallidum
A

Penicillin G

250
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Chlamydia trachomatis
A
  • Doxycycline + Ceftriaxone—gonorrhea coinfection
  • Oral Erythromycin—chlamydial conjunctivitis in infants
251
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Rickettsia rickettsii
A
  • Doxycycline
  • Chloramphenicol
252
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Candida albicans
A
  • Vaginitis
    • Topical Azoles
  • Oral/Esophageal
    • Nystatin
    • Fluconazole
    • Caspofungin
  • Systemic)
    • Fluconazole
    • Caspofungin
    • Amphotericin B
253
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Cryptococcus neoformans
A
  • Induction—Amphotericin B and Flucytosine
  • Maintenance—Fluconazole (in AIDS patients)
254
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Sporothrix schenckii
A
  • Itraconazole
  • Oral Potassium Iodide
255
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Pneumocystis jirovecii
A

TMP-SMX

  • prophylaxis and treatment in immunosuppressed patients, CD4 < 200/mm3
256
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Toxoplasma gondii
A

Sulfadiazine + Pyrimethamine

257
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Malaria
A
  • Chloroquine
  • Mefloquine
  • Atovaquone/Proguanil—for blood schizont
  • Primaquine—for liver hypnozoite
258
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Metronidazole

  • patient and partner
259
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Influenza
A
  • Oseltamivir
  • Zanamivir
260
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • CMV
A
  • Ganciclovir
  • Foscarnet
  • Cidofovir
261
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae
A

Ceftriaxone

  • add Doxycycline to cover likely concurrent C. trachomatis
262
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Clostridium difficile
A
  • Oral Metronidazole
  • Oral Vancomycin—if refractory
263
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis
A

RIPE:

  • Rifampin
  • Isoniazid
  • Pyrazinamide
  • Ethambutol
264
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • UTI Prophylaxis
265
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Chronic Hepatitis B or C
A
  • HBV and HCV
    • IFN-α
  • HCV
    • Ribavirin
    • Simeprevir
    • Sofosbuvir
266
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Patent Ductus Arteriosus
A
  • Close—Indomethacin
  • Open—PGE Analogs
267
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Stable Angina
A

Sublingual Nitroglycerin

268
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Hypercholesterolemia
A

Statin

  • first-line
269
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Buerger Disease
A

Smoking Cessation

270
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Wegener)
A
  • Cyclophosphamide
  • Corticosteroids
271
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Kawasaki Disease
A
  • IVIG
  • High-Dose Aspirin
272
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Temporal Arteritis
A

High-Dose Steroids

273
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Arrhythmia—damaged cardiac tissue
A

Class IB Antiarrhythmics

  • Lidocaine
  • Mexiletine
274
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Pheochromocytoma
A

α-Antagonists

  • Phenoxybenzamine
275
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Prolactinoma
A

Dopamine Agonists

  • Cabergoline
  • Bromocriptine
276
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Diabetes Insipidus
A
  • Central
    • Desmopressin
  • Nephrogenic
    • Hydrochlorothiazide
    • Indomethacin
    • Amiloride
277
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • SIADH
A
  • Fluid Restriction
  • IV Hypertonic Saline
  • Conivaptan
  • Tolvaptan
  • Demeclocycline
278
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Diabetes Mellitus type 1
A
  • Low Carbohydrate Diet
  • Insulin Replacement
279
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Diabetes Mellitus type 2
A
  • Dietary Intervention
  • Oral Hypoglycemics
  • Insulin—if refractory
280
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Diabetic Ketoacidosis
A
  • Fluids
  • Insulin
  • K+
281
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Carcinoid Syndrome
A

Octreotide

282
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Crohn Disease
A
  • Corticosteroids
  • Infliximab
  • Azathioprine
283
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Ulcerative Colitis
A
  • 5-ASA Preparations
    • Mesalamine
  • 6-Mercaptopurine
  • Infliximab
  • Colectomy
284
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Hypertriglyceridemia
285
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Sickle Cell Disease
A

Hydroxyurea

  • ↑ fetal hemoglobin
286
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
287
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (M3)
A

All-Trans Retinoic Acid

288
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Anticoagulation during Pregnancy
289
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Heparin Reversal
A

Protamine Sulfate

290
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Immediate Anticoagulation
291
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Long-Term Anticoagulation
A
  • Warfarin
  • Dabigatran
  • Rivaroxaban
  • Apixaban
292
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Warfarin Reversal
A
  • Acute—Fresh Frozen Plasma
  • Non-Acute—Vitamin K
293
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Cyclophosphamide-Induced Hemorrhagic Cystitis
294
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • HER2/neu ⊕ Breast Cancer
A

Trastuzumab

295
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Osteoporosis
A
  • Prophylaxis
    • Calcium + Vitamin D
  • Treatment
    • Bisphosphonates
    • PTH Analogs
    • SERMs
    • Calcitonin
    • Denosumab
296
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Osteomalacia/Rickets
A

Vitamin D Supplementation

297
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Chronic Gout
A

Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors

  • Allopurinol
  • Febuxostat
  • Pegloticase
  • Probenecid
298
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Acute Gout Attack
A
  • NSAIDs
  • Colchicine
  • Glucocorticoids
299
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Neural Tube Defect Prevention
A

Prenatal Folic Acid

300
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Migraine
A
  • Abortive Therapies
    • Sumatriptan
    • NSAIDs
  • Prophylaxis
    • Propranolol
    • Topiramate
    • CCBs
    • Amitriptyline
301
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux)
A

Carbamazepine

302
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

Multiple Sclerosis

A
  • Disease-Modifying Therapies
    • β-Interferon
    • Natalizumab
  • Acute Flares
    • IV steroids
303
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Tonic-Clonic Seizures
A
  • Levetiracetam
  • Phenytoin
  • Valproate
  • Carbamazepine
304
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Absence Seizures
A

Ethosuximide

305
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Malignant Hyperthermia
A

Dantrolene

306
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Anorexia
A
  • Nutrition
  • Psychotherapy
  • Mirtazapine
307
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Bulimia Nervosa
308
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Alcoholism
A
  • Disulfiram
  • Acamprosate
  • Naltrexone
  • Supportive Care
309
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • ADHD
A
  • Methylphenidate
  • Amphetamines
  • CBT
  • Atomoxetine
  • Guanfacine
  • Clonidine
310
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Alcohol Withdrawal
A

Long-Acting Benzodiazepines

311
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Bipolar Disorder
A
  • Mood Stabilizers
    • Lithium
    • Valproic Acid
    • Carbamazepine
  • Atypical Antipsychotics
312
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Depression
313
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Generalized Anxiety Disorder
A
  • SSRIs
  • SNRIs—first line
  • Buspirone—second line
314
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Schizophrenia (positive symptoms)
A

Typical and Atypical Antipsychotics

315
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Schizophrenia (negative symptoms)
A

Atypical Antipsychotics

316
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Hyperaldosteronism
A

Spironolactone

317
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
A
  • α1-Antagonists
  • 5α-Reductase Inhibitors
  • PDE-5 Inhibitors
318
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Infertility
A
  • Leuprolide
  • GnRH—pulsatile
  • Clomiphene
319
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Woman
A

Aromatase Inhibitor

  • Anastrozole
320
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • ER ⊕ Breast Cancer
321
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Prostate Adenocarcinoma/Uterine Fibroids
A
  • Leuprolide
  • GnRH—continuous
322
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Medical Abortion
A

Mifepristone

323
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Prostate Adenocarcinoma
324
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Erectile Dysfunction
A
  • Sildenafil
  • Tadalafil
  • Vardenafil
325
Q

Classic/Relevant Treatments:

  • Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (idiopathic)
A
  • Sildenafil
  • Bosentan
  • Epoprostenol
326
Q

Key Associations:

  • Mitochondrial Inheritance
A
  • disease occurs in both males and females
  • inherited through females only
327
Q

Key Associations:

  • Intellectual Disability
A
  • Down Syndrome
  • Fragile X Syndrome
328
Q

Key Associations:

  • Vitamin Deficiency (USA)
A

Folate

  • pregnant women are at high risk
  • body stores only 3- to 4-month supply
  • prevents neural tube defects
329
Q

Key Associations:

  • Lysosomal Storage Disease
A

Gaucher Disease

330
Q

Key Associations:

  • Food Poisoning—exotoxin mediated
A
  • S. aureus
  • B. cereus
331
Q

Key Associations:

  • Osteomyelitis
A
  • S. aureus*
  • most common overall
332
Q

Key Associations:

  • Bacterial Meningitis—adults and elderly
A

S. pneumoniae

333
Q

Key Associations:

  • Bacterial Meningitis—newborns and kids
A
  • Newborns
    • Group B Streptococcus
    • E. coli
    • Listeria monocytogenes
  • Kids/Teens
    • S. pneumoniae
    • N. meningitidis
334
Q

Key Associations:

  • Gastritis
  • Peptic Ulcer Disease
  • Gastric Malignancies
    • Adenocarcinoma
    • MALToma
335
Q

Key Associations:

  • Opportunistic Infection in AIDS
A

Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia

336
Q

Key Associations:

  • Helminth Infection (US)
A

Ascaris lumbricoides

337
Q

Key Associations:

  • Myocarditis
A

Coxsackie B

338
Q

Key Associations:

  • Infection 2° to Blood Transfusion
A

Hepatitis C

339
Q

Key Associations:

  • Osteomyelitis in Sickle Cell Disease
A

Salmonella

340
Q

Key Associations:

  • Osteomyelitis with IV Drug Use
A
  • Pseudomonas
  • Candida
  • S. aureus
341
Q

Key Associations:

  • UTI
A
  • E. coli
  • Staphylococcus saprophyticus—young women
342
Q

Key Associations:

  • Sexually Transmitted Disease
A
  • C. trachomatis*
  • usually coinfected with N. gonorrhoeae
343
Q

Key Associations:

  • Nosocomial Pneumonia
A
  • S. aureus
  • Pseudomonas
  • Enteric Gram ⊝ Rods
344
Q

Key Associations:

  • Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
A
  • C. trachomatis
  • N. gonorrhoeae
345
Q

Key Associations:

  • Infections in Chronic Granulomatous Disease
A
  • S. aureus
  • E. coli
  • Aspergillus (catalase ⊕)
346
Q

Key Associations:

  • Metastases to Bone
A

Prostate, Breast > Lung, Thyroid, Kidney

347
Q

Key Associations:

  • Metastases to Brain
A

Lung > Breast > Prostate > Melanoma > GI

348
Q

Key Associations:

  • Metastases to Liver
A

Colon >> Stomach > Pancreas

349
Q

Key Associations:

  • S3 Heart Sound
A
  • ↑ Ventricular Filling Pressure
    • Mitral Regurgitation
    • HF
  • Dilated Ventricles
350
Q

Key Associations:

  • S4 Heart Sound
A

Stiff/Hypertrophic Ventricle

  • Aortic Stenosis
  • Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
351
Q

Key Associations:

  • Constrictive Pericarditis
A
  • TB—developing world
  • Idiopathic
  • Viral—developed world
352
Q

Key Associations:

  • Holosystolic Murmur
A
  • VSD
  • Tricuspid Regurgitation
  • Mitral Regurgitation
353
Q

Key Associations:

  • Ejection Click
A

Aortic Stenosis

354
Q

Key Associations:

  • Mitral Valve Stenosis
A

Rheumatic Heart Disease

355
Q

Key Associations:

  • Heart Murmur—congenital
A

Mitral Valve Prolapse

356
Q

Key Associations:

  • Chronic Arrhythmia
A

Atrial Fibrillation

  • associated with high risk of emboli
357
Q

Key Associations:

  • Cyanosis—early, less common
A
  • Tetralogy of Fallot
  • Transposition of Great Vessels
  • Truncus Arteriosus
  • Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return
358
Q

Key Associations:

  • Late Cyanotic Shunt
    • uncorrected left to right becomes right to left
A

Eisenmenger Syndrome

  • caused by ASD, VSD, and PDA
  • results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia
359
Q

Key Associations:

  • Congenital Cardiac Anomaly
360
Q

Key Associations:

  • 2° Hypertension
A
  • Renal Artery Stenosis
  • Chronic Kidney Disease
    • Polycystic Kidney Disease
    • Diabetic Nephropathy
  • Hyperaldosteronism
361
Q

Key Associations:

  • Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm
A

Marfan Syndrome

  • idiopathic cystic medial degeneration
362
Q

Key Associations:

  • Aortic Dissection
A

Hypertension

363
Q

Key Associations:

  • Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
A

Atherosclerosis

  • smoking is major risk factor
364
Q

Key Associations:

  • Ascending or Arch Aortic Aneurysm,
A

Syphilitic Aortitis

  • 3° syphilis
  • vasa vasorum destruction
365
Q

Key Associations:

  • Sites of Atherosclerosis
A

Abdominal Aorta > Coronary Artery > Popliteal Artery > Carotid Artery

366
Q

Key Associations:

  • Cardiac Manifestation of Lupus
A

Marantic/Thrombotic Endocarditis

  • nonbacterial
367
Q

Key Associations:

  • Heart Valve in Bacterial Endocarditis
A

Mitral > Aortic (rheumatic fever), Tricuspid (IV drug abuse)

368
Q

Key Associations:

  • Endocarditis
A
  • S. aureus
    • acute
    • IVDA
    • tricuspid valve
  • Viridans Stretococci
    • subacute
    • dental procedure
  • S. bovis
    • colon cancer
  • culture negative
    • Coxiella
    • Bartonella
    • HACEK
369
Q

Key Associations:

  • Temporal Arteritis
A
  • risk of ipsilateral blindness due to occlusion of ophthalmic artery
  • polymyalgia rheumatica
370
Q

Key Associations:

  • recurrent Inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities
A

Buerger Disease

  • strongly associated with tobacco
371
Q

Key Associations:

  • 1° Cardiac Tumor (kids)
A

Rhabdomyoma

  • often seen in tuberous sclerosis
372
Q

Key Associations:

  • Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
  • hypotension
A

21-Hydroxylase Deficiency

373
Q

Key Associations:

  • Cushing Syndrome
A
  • Iatrogenic
    • from corticosteroid therapy
  • Adrenocortical Adenoma
    • secretes excess cortisol
  • ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma
    • Cushing Disease
  • Paraneoplastic
    • due to ACTH secretion by tumors
374
Q

Key Associations:

  • Tumor of the Adrenal Medulla (kids)
A

Neuroblastoma

  • malignant
375
Q

Key Associations:

  • Tumor of the Adrenal Medulla (adults)
A

Pheochromocytoma

  • usually benign
376
Q

Key Associations:

  • Cretinism
A
  • Iodine Deficiency
  • Congenital Hypothyroidism
377
Q

Key Associations:

  • HLA-DR3
A
  • Diabetes Mellitus type 1
  • SLE
  • Graves Disease
  • Hashimoto Thyroiditis
    • also associated with HLA-DR5
  • Addison Disease
378
Q

Key Associations:

  • Thyroid Cancer
A

Papillary Carcinoma

  • childhood irradiation
379
Q

Key Associations:

  • Hypoparathyroidism
A

accidental excision during thyroidectomy

380
Q

Key Associations:

  • 1° Hyperparathyroidism
A
  • Adenomas
  • Hyperplasia
  • Carcinoma
381
Q

Key Associations:

  • 2° Hyperparathyroidism
A

Hypocalcemia of Chronic Kidney Disease

382
Q

Key Associations:

  • Hypopituitarism
A

Pituitary Adenoma

  • usually benign tumor
383
Q

Key Associations:

  • HLA-DR4
A
  • Diabetes Mellitus type 1
  • Rheumatoid Arthritis
  • Addison Disease
384
Q

Key Associations:

  • refractory peptic ulcers
  • high gastrin levels
A

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

  • gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas
  • associated with MEN1
385
Q

Key Associations:

  • Esophageal Cancer
A
  • Squamous Cell Carcinoma—worldwide
  • Adenocarcinoma—US
386
Q

Key Associations:

  • acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
A

Cushing Ulcer

  • ↑ intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric H+ secretion
387
Q

Key Associations:

  • acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
A

Curling Ulcer

  • greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa
388
Q

Key Associations:

  • bilateral ovarian metastases from gastric carcinoma
A

Krukenberg Tumor

  • mucin-secreting signet ring cells
389
Q

Key Associations:

  • Chronic Atrophic Gastritis
A
  • autoimmune
  • predisposition to gastric carcinoma
  • can also cause pernicious anemia
390
Q

Key Associations:

  • Gastric Cancer
A

Adenocarcinoma

391
Q

Key Associations:

  • alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon
A

Skip Lesions

  • Crohn Disease
392
Q

Key Associations:

  • Diverticulum in Pharynx
A

Zenker Diverticulum

  • diagnosed by barium swallow
393
Q

Key Associations:

  • Site of Diverticula
A

Sigmoid Colon

394
Q

Key Associations:

  • Hepatocellular Carcinoma
A

Cirrhotic Liver

  • hepatitis B and C
  • alcoholism
  • hemochromatosis
395
Q

Key Associations:

  • Liver Disease
A

Alcoholic Cirrhosis

396
Q

Key Associations:

  • 1° Liver Cancer
A

Hepatocellular Carcinoma

  • chronic hepatitis
  • cirrhosis
  • hemochromatosis
  • α1-antitrypsin deficiency
  • Wilson disease
397
Q

Key Associations:

  • hereditary harmless jaundice
A

Gilbert Syndrome

  • benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
398
Q

Key Associations:

  • Hemochromatosis
A
  • multiple blood transfusions
  • Hereditary HFE Mutation
    • heart failure
    • “bronze diabetes”
    • ↑ risk of hepatocellular carcinoma
399
Q

Key Associations:

  • Pancreatitis (acute)
A
  • gallstones
  • alcohol
400
Q

Key Associations:

  • Pancreatitis (chronic)
A
  • alcohol—adults
  • cystic fibrosis—kids
401
Q

Key Associations:

  • Autosplenectomy
    • fibrosis
    • shrinkage
A

Sickle Cell Disease

  • Hemoglobin S
402
Q

Key Associations:

  • Microcytic Anemia
A

Iron Deficiency

403
Q

Key Associations:

  • Bleeding Disorder with GpIb Deficiency
A

Bernard-Soulier Syndrome

  • defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor
404
Q

Key Associations:

  • Hereditary Bleeding Disorder
A

von Willebrand Disease

405
Q

Key Associations:

  • DIC
A
  • severe sepsis
  • obstetric complications
  • cancer
  • burns
  • trauma
  • major surgery
  • acute pancreatitis
  • APL
406
Q

Key Associations:

  • malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
A

Hodgkin Lymphoma

407
Q

Key Associations:

  • Type of Hodgkin Lymphoma
A

Nodular Sclerosing

  • vs. Mixed Cellularity, Lymphocytic Predominance, Lymphocytic Depletion
408
Q

Key Associations:

  • t(14;18)
A

Follicular Lymphomas

  • BCL-2 activation
  • anti-apoptotic oncogene
409
Q

Key Associations:

  • t(8;14)
A

Burkitt Lymphoma

  • c-myc fusion
  • transcription factor oncogene
410
Q

Key Associations:

  • Type of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
A

Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma

411
Q

Key Associations:

  • 1° bone tumor (adults)
A

Multiple Myeloma

412
Q

Key Associations:

  • age ranges for patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML
A
  • ALL: child
  • CLL: adult > 60
  • AML: adult ∼ 65
  • CML: adult 45–85
413
Q

Key Associations:

  • Malignancy (kids)
A
  • Leukemia
  • Brain Tumors
414
Q

Key Associations:

  • Death in CML
A

Blast Crisis

415
Q

Key Associations:

  • t(9;22)
A
  • Philadelphia Chromosome
  • CML
    • BCR-ABL oncogene
    • tyrosine kinase activation
  • more rarely associated with ALL
416
Q

Key Associations:

  • Vertebral Compression Fracture
A

Osteoporosis

  • Type I: postmenopausal woman
  • Type II: elderly man or woman
417
Q

Key Associations:

  • HLA-B27
A
  • Psoriatic Arthritis
  • Ankylosing Spondylitis
  • IBD-Associated Arthritis
  • Reactive Arthritis (formerly Reiter Syndrome)
418
Q

Key Associations:

  • Death in SLE
A

Lupus Nephropathy

419
Q

Key Associations:

  • Tumor of Infancy
A

Strawberry Hemangioma

  • grows rapidly and regresses spontaneously by childhood
420
Q

Key Associations:

  • Actinic (Solar) Keratosis
A

Precursor to Squamous Cell Carcinoma

421
Q

Key Associations:

Cerebellar Tonsillar Herniation

A

Chiari I Malformation

422
Q

Key Associations:

  • Atrophy of the Mammillary Bodies
A

Wernicke Encephalopathy

  • thiamine deficiency causing ataxia
  • ophthalmoplegia
  • confusion
423
Q

Key Associations:

  • Viral Encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
424
Q

Key Associations:

  • Epidural Hematoma
A

Middle Meningeal Artery Rupture

  • trauma
  • lentiform shaped
425
Q

Key Associations:

  • Subdural Hematoma
A

Rupture of Bridging Veins

  • crescent shaped
426
Q

Key Associations:

  • Dementia
A
  • Alzheimer Disease
  • Vascular Dementia
    • multiple infarcts
427
Q

Key Associations:

  • demyelinating disease in young women
A

Multiple Sclerosis

428
Q

Key Associations:

  • Brain Tumor (adults)
A

Supratentorial

  • Metastasis
  • Astrocytoma (including Glioblastoma Multiforme)
  • Meningioma
  • Schwannoma
429
Q

Key Associations:

  • Pituitary Tumor
A
  • Prolactinoma
  • Somatotropic Adenoma
430
Q

Key Associations:

  • Brain Tumor (kids)
A

Infratentorial

  • Medulloblastoma (cerebellum)

Supratentorial

  • Craniopharyngioma
431
Q

Key Associations:

Mixed (UMN and LMN) Motor Neuron Disease

A

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

432
Q

Key Associations:

1° Hyperaldosteronism

A

Adrenal Hyperplasia or Adenoma

433
Q

Key Associations:

  • Nephrotic Syndrome (adults)
A

Membranous Nephropathy

434
Q

Key Associations:

  • Nephrotic Syndrome (kids)
A

Minimal Change Disease

435
Q

Key Associations:

  • Glomerulonephritis (adults)
A

Berger Disease

  • IgA Nephropathy
436
Q

Key Associations:

  • Kidney Stones
A
  • Calcium = radiopaque
  • Uric Acid = radiolucent
  • Cystine = faintly radiopaque
  • Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque
    • formed by urease ⊕ organisms such as Klebsiella, Proteus species, and S. saprophyticus)
437
Q

Key Associations:

  • obstruction of male urinary tract
438
Q

Key Associations:

  • Renal Tumor
A
  • Renal Cell Carcinoma
    • von Hippel-Lindau
    • cigarette smoking
  • Paraneoplastic Syndromes
    • EPO
    • Renin
    • PTHrP
    • ACTH
439
Q

Key Associations:

  • 1° Amenorrhea
A

Turner Syndrome

  • 45,XO
  • 45,XO/46,XX mosaic
440
Q

Key Associations:

  • Neuron Migration Failure
A

Kallmann Syndrome

  • hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
  • anosmia
441
Q

Key Associations:

  • Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma of the Vagina
A

DES exposure in utero

442
Q

Key Associations:

  • Benign Ovarian Tumor
A

Serous Cystadenoma

  • bilateral
443
Q

Key Associations:

  • Malignant Ovarian Tumor
A

Serous Cystadenocarcinoma

444
Q

Key Associations:

  • Tumor in Women
A

Leiomyoma

  • estrogen dependent
  • not precancerous
445
Q

Key Associations:

  • Gynecologic Malignancy
A
  • Endometrial Carcinoma
    • most common in US
  • Cervical Carcinoma
    • most common worldwide
446
Q

Key Associations:

  • Breast Mass
A
  • Fibrocystic Change
  • Carcinoma
    • postmenopausal women
447
Q

Key Associations:

  • Breast Tumor
    • benign
    • young woman
A

Fibroadenoma

448
Q

Key Associations:

  • Breast Cancer
A

Invasive Ductal Carcinoma

449
Q

Key Associations:

  • Testicular Tumor
A
  • Seminoma
    • malignant
    • radiosensitive)
  • ↑ placental ALP
450
Q

Key Associations:

  • right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause
A

Cor Pulmonale

451
Q

Key Associations:

  • hypercoagulability
  • endothelial damage
  • blood stasis
A

Virchow Triad

  • ↑ risk of thrombosis
452
Q

Key Associations:

  • Pulmonary Hypertension
A
  • idiopathic
  • heritable
  • left heart disease (HF)
  • lung disease (COPD)
  • hypoxemic vasoconstriction (OSA)
  • thromboembolic (PE)
453
Q

Key Associations:

  • SIADH
A

Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lung

454
Q

Equations:

  • Volume of Distribution
455
Q

Equations:

  • Half-Life
456
Q

Equations:

  • Drug Clearance
457
Q

Equations:

  • Loading Dose
458
Q

Equations:

  • Maintenance Dose
459
Q

Equations:

  • Sensitivity
460
Q

Equations:

  • Specificity
461
Q

Equations:

  • Positive Predictive Value
462
Q

Equations:

  • Negative Predictive Value
463
Q

Equations:

  • Odds Ratio (for case-control studies)
464
Q

Equations:

  • Relative Risk
465
Q

Equations:

  • Attributable Risk
466
Q

Equations:

  • Relative Risk Reduction
467
Q

Equations:

  • Absolute Risk Reduction
468
Q

Equations:

  • Number Needed to Treat
469
Q

Equations:

  • Number Needed to Harm
470
Q

Equations:

  • Cardiac Output
471
Q

Equations:

  • Mean Arterial Pressure
472
Q

Equations:

  • Ejection Fraction
473
Q

Equations:

  • Resistance
474
Q

Equations:

  • Stroke Volume
475
Q

Equations:

  • Capillary Fluid Exchange
476
Q

Equations:

  • Renal Clearance
477
Q

Equations:

  • Glomerular Filtration Rate
478
Q

Equations:

  • Effective Renal Plasma Flow
479
Q

Equations:

  • Renal Blood Flow
480
Q

Equations:

  • Filtration Fraction
481
Q

Equations:

  • Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation (for extracellular pH)
482
Q

Equations:

  • Winters Formula
483
Q

Equations:

  • Physiologic Dead Space
484
Q

Equations:

  • Pulmonary Vascular Resistance
485
Q

Equations:

  • Alveolar Gas Equation

USMLE Step 1 (18 decks)

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