Random Shit Flashcards
Drugs you give slowly and why :
List 5
_ Meropenem (nephrotoxic)
_ Piptaz (nephrotoxic)
_ Vancomycin (Redmann syndrome )
_ Calcium gluconate (arthymias or heart attack)
_ Potassium chloride (fatal)
How do neutralize vanco in redmann syndrome?
Give promethazine, hydrocortisone, antihistamine, normal saline
Indications for dialysis :
_ ___________ HTN
_ Uremic ___________, ___________, ___________
_ ___________ that cannot be resolved with ___________
_ metabolic ___________
_ ingestion of ___________
_ ___________
_ Recalcitrant HTN
_ Uremic gastritis, encephalopathy, pericarditis
_ Fluid overload that cannot be resolved with diuretics
_ metabolic acidsosi
_ ingestion of toxic drugs such as
_ hyperkalemia
Treatment of hyperkalemia:
_ treat ____________
_ ____________ to protect the ______
_ ____________, only effective in the presence of __________
_ _________ (0.1 U/kg) given concurrently with _________ (1mg/kg) : agents that will push potassium into the cell
_ ____________ : ion exchange resin : agents which will bind the potassium out of the cell
underlying cause
Calcium gluconate; heart
Sodium bicarbonate; acidosis
Insulin ; glucose
Kayxalate
Problems of a child with CKD :
_ ____________ suppression
_ reduced ____________ production
_ poor __________ (folic acid, B complex, Iron)
_ _______ ________
Problems of a child with CKD :
_ bone marrow suppression
_ reduced erythropoietin production
_ poor nutrition (folic acid, B complex, Iron)
_ Uremic gastritis
Paradoxical thromboembolism is suggestive of ________
ToF
Problems with Hypocalcemia :
_ __________
_ __________
_ __________ , arrythmias
_ __________
_ __________ sign
_ __________ sign
Problems with Hypocalcemia :
_ Rickets
_ Osteomalacia
_ Seizurearrythmias
_ Tetany
_ Trousea sign
_ chovostek sign
Pathogenesis of Cerebral abscess in VSD
_ ________
_ shunt from the _________
_ ______ lacks enough active ___________
stasis
right to left
brain; macrophages
Pulmonary HTN occurs in _____ to _______ shunts ; acyanotic HDx
left to right
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
Definition: ___________________________ or ___________________________ (eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m²) for ≥___________
Persistent kidney damage
decreased kidney function
3 months.
List 5 common causes of CKD
Common Causes
Diabetes Mellitus (Diabetic Nephropathy).
Hypertension (Hypertensive Nephropathy).
Glomerulonephritis.
Polycystic Kidney Disease (genetic).
Chronic Obstruction (e.g., BPH, kidney stones)
Clinical Features of CKD
Early Stages: _____________ or nonspecific (e.g., fatigue, nocturia).
Advanced CKD:
_____________ symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, pruritus, confusion.
Fluid overload: _____________, pulmonary congestion.
_____________.
Bone disease: Due to secondary _____________ and _____________ deficiency (renal osteodystrophy).
Anemia: Due to _____________________
Asymptomatic
Uremic ; Edema
Hypertension ; hyperparathyroidism
vitamin D deficiency
reduced erythropoietin production.
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
____________ in kidney function within ________________
Sudden decline
hours to days.
Causes of AKI (Classified by Location)
Pre-Renal (Hypoperfusion):
_________ (e.g., dehydration, hemorrhage).
Reduced _________ (e.g., heart failure).
Renal artery _________.
Hypovolemia
cardiac output
Stenosis
Causes of AKI
Intrinsic (Parenchymal Damage):
Acute _______________ (e.g., ischemia, nephrotoxins like NSAIDs, aminoglycosides).
_____________.
Acute _____________ (e.g., drug-induced, infections).
Acute Tubular Necrosis
Glomerulonephritis
interstitial nephritis
Causes of AKI
Post-Renal (Obstruction):
Obstruction of urine flow (e.g., _____,______,_________
BPH, stones, tumors
Drugs to treat each type of seizure
Focal
General
Neonatal seizure
Carbamazepine
Sodium valproate or levetiracitam
Phenobarbital
What meningitis vaccine strain are we getting?
MEN A
Exclusive breastfeeding?
Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is when an infant is fed only breast milk for the first six months of life.
ORS, syrup of vitamins, medicines are included
Water and other liquids/solids are not
Difference between complementary and mixed/partial breastfeeding
Complementary Breastfeeding
Definition: Breast milk is provided alongside complementary foods, such as pureed fruits, vegetables, or cereals, to meet the nutritional needs of infants aged 6–24 months.
Mixed/Partial Breastfeeding
Definition: Breastfeeding is combined with formula feeding or other sources of milk. This can happen when breast milk supply is insufficient or when transitioning from exclusive breastfeeding.
What is sepsis
Sepsis is ???
a life-threatening multi-organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection.
Criteria for Diagnosis:
Clinical signs:
List 4/5
Fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, confusion, or hypotension.
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS):
Children must meet at least _____ SIRS criteria, one of which must be ________ or _____________:
Core temperature: >———°C or <——-°C.
Heart rate:
Respiratory rate:
White blood cell count:
two
abnormal temperature or leukocyte count
38.5; 36
Elevated (>2 standard deviations [SD] above age norms) or bradycardia (<10th percentile for age, in infants <1 year).
Elevated (>2 SD above age norms) or need for mechanical ventilation.
Elevated or decreased for age or >10% immature neutrophils (bandemia).
A __________ (VP) shunt is a medical device used to manage __________.
ventriculoperitoneal
hydrocephalus
An _____________ (EVD), also known as a ____________, is a temporary medical device used to drain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the brain’s ventricles to relieve elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) caused by hydrocephalus, trauma, or other neurological conditions.
External Ventricular Drain
ventriculostomy
Most common cause of viral meningitis.??
Enteroviruses(coxsackie and echoviruses)
Tuberculous Meningitis
Appearance: ______,_______, or xanthochromic.
Opening Pressure: Elevated.
White Blood Cell (WBC) Count:________ (50–500 cells/µL); predominantly _________.
Protein:____________(100–500 mg/dL).
Glucose: ______ (<45 mg/dL or <40% of serum glucose).
Ziehl-Neelsen Stain: May show acid-fast bacilli (low sensitivity).
Culture: _________ for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (gold standard but slow).
PCR for TB: Positive in many cases.
Adenosine Deaminase (ADA): Elevated in CSF.
Clear, slightly turbid
Elevated; lymphocytes
Significantly elevated
Low; Positive
Pathological processes
List all 9
Lysis
Inflammation
Ischemia
Immunology
Neoplasia
Deranged metabolism
Degeneration
Dysgenesis
Trauma
