Random Shit Flashcards

1
Q

Drugs you give slowly and why :

List 5

A

_ Meropenem (nephrotoxic)
_ Piptaz (nephrotoxic)
_ Vancomycin (Redmann syndrome )
_ Calcium gluconate (arthymias or heart attack)
_ Potassium chloride (fatal)

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2
Q

How do neutralize vanco in redmann syndrome?

A

Give promethazine, hydrocortisone, antihistamine, normal saline

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3
Q

Indications for dialysis :
_ ___________ HTN
_ Uremic ___________, ___________, ___________
_ ___________ that cannot be resolved with ___________
_ metabolic ___________
_ ingestion of ___________
_ ___________

A

_ Recalcitrant HTN
_ Uremic gastritis, encephalopathy, pericarditis
_ Fluid overload that cannot be resolved with diuretics
_ metabolic acidsosi
_ ingestion of toxic drugs such as
_ hyperkalemia

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4
Q

Treatment of hyperkalemia:
_ treat ____________
_ ____________ to protect the ______
_ ____________, only effective in the presence of __________
_ _________ (0.1 U/kg) given concurrently with _________ (1mg/kg) : agents that will push potassium into the cell
_ ____________ : ion exchange resin : agents which will bind the potassium out of the cell

A

underlying cause

Calcium gluconate; heart

Sodium bicarbonate; acidosis

Insulin ; glucose

Kayxalate

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5
Q

Problems of a child with CKD :
_ ____________ suppression
_ reduced ____________ production
_ poor __________ (folic acid, B complex, Iron)
_ _______ ________

A

Problems of a child with CKD :
_ bone marrow suppression
_ reduced erythropoietin production
_ poor nutrition (folic acid, B complex, Iron)
_ Uremic gastritis

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6
Q

Paradoxical thromboembolism is suggestive of ________

A

ToF

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7
Q

Problems with Hypocalcemia :
_ __________
_ __________
_ __________ , arrythmias
_ __________
_ __________ sign
_ __________ sign

A

Problems with Hypocalcemia :
_ Rickets
_ Osteomalacia
_ Seizurearrythmias
_ Tetany
_ Trousea sign
_ chovostek sign

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8
Q

Pathogenesis of Cerebral abscess in VSD
_ ________
_ shunt from the _________
_ ______ lacks enough active ___________

A

stasis

right to left

brain; macrophages

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9
Q

Pulmonary HTN occurs in _____ to _______ shunts ; acyanotic HDx

A

left to right

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10
Q

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Definition: ___________________________ or ___________________________ (eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m²) for ≥___________

A

Persistent kidney damage

decreased kidney function

3 months.

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11
Q

List 5 common causes of CKD

A

Common Causes

Diabetes Mellitus (Diabetic Nephropathy).
Hypertension (Hypertensive Nephropathy).
Glomerulonephritis.
Polycystic Kidney Disease (genetic).
Chronic Obstruction (e.g., BPH, kidney stones)

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12
Q

Clinical Features of CKD

Early Stages: _____________ or nonspecific (e.g., fatigue, nocturia).

Advanced CKD:
_____________ symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, pruritus, confusion.
Fluid overload: _____________, pulmonary congestion.
_____________.
Bone disease: Due to secondary _____________ and _____________ deficiency (renal osteodystrophy).
Anemia: Due to _____________________

A

Asymptomatic

Uremic ; Edema

Hypertension ; hyperparathyroidism

vitamin D deficiency

reduced erythropoietin production.

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13
Q

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

____________ in kidney function within ________________

A

Sudden decline

hours to days.

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14
Q

Causes of AKI (Classified by Location)

Pre-Renal (Hypoperfusion):

_________ (e.g., dehydration, hemorrhage).
Reduced _________ (e.g., heart failure).
Renal artery _________.

A

Hypovolemia

cardiac output

Stenosis

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15
Q

Causes of AKI

Intrinsic (Parenchymal Damage):
Acute _______________ (e.g., ischemia, nephrotoxins like NSAIDs, aminoglycosides).
_____________.
Acute _____________ (e.g., drug-induced, infections).

A

Acute Tubular Necrosis

Glomerulonephritis

interstitial nephritis

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16
Q

Causes of AKI

Post-Renal (Obstruction):
Obstruction of urine flow (e.g., _____,______,_________

A

BPH, stones, tumors

17
Q

Drugs to treat each type of seizure

Focal
General
Neonatal seizure

A

Carbamazepine
Sodium valproate or levetiracitam
Phenobarbital

18
Q

What meningitis vaccine strain are we getting?

19
Q

Exclusive breastfeeding?

A

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is when an infant is fed only breast milk for the first six months of life.

ORS, syrup of vitamins, medicines are included

Water and other liquids/solids are not

20
Q

Difference between complementary and mixed/partial breastfeeding

A

Complementary Breastfeeding
Definition: Breast milk is provided alongside complementary foods, such as pureed fruits, vegetables, or cereals, to meet the nutritional needs of infants aged 6–24 months.

Mixed/Partial Breastfeeding
Definition: Breastfeeding is combined with formula feeding or other sources of milk. This can happen when breast milk supply is insufficient or when transitioning from exclusive breastfeeding.

21
Q

What is sepsis

Sepsis is ???

A

a life-threatening multi-organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection.

22
Q

Criteria for Diagnosis:
Clinical signs:

List 4/5

A

Fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, confusion, or hypotension.

23
Q

Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS):

Children must meet at least _____ SIRS criteria, one of which must be ________ or _____________:

Core temperature: >———°C or <——-°C.

Heart rate:

Respiratory rate:

White blood cell count:

A

two

abnormal temperature or leukocyte count

38.5; 36

Elevated (>2 standard deviations [SD] above age norms) or bradycardia (<10th percentile for age, in infants <1 year).

Elevated (>2 SD above age norms) or need for mechanical ventilation.

Elevated or decreased for age or >10% immature neutrophils (bandemia).

24
Q

A __________ (VP) shunt is a medical device used to manage __________.

A

ventriculoperitoneal

hydrocephalus

25
An _____________ (EVD), also known as a ____________, is a temporary medical device used to drain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the brain's ventricles to relieve elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) caused by hydrocephalus, trauma, or other neurological conditions.
External Ventricular Drain ventriculostomy
26
Most common cause of viral meningitis.??
Enteroviruses(coxsackie and echoviruses)
27
Tuberculous Meningitis Appearance: ______,_______, or xanthochromic. Opening Pressure: Elevated. White Blood Cell (WBC) Count:________ (50–500 cells/µL); predominantly _________. Protein:____________(100–500 mg/dL). Glucose: ______ (<45 mg/dL or <40% of serum glucose). Ziehl-Neelsen Stain: May show acid-fast bacilli (low sensitivity). Culture: _________ for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (gold standard but slow). PCR for TB: Positive in many cases. Adenosine Deaminase (ADA): Elevated in CSF.
Clear, slightly turbid Elevated; lymphocytes Significantly elevated Low; Positive
28
Pathological processes List all 9
Lysis Inflammation Ischemia Immunology Neoplasia Deranged metabolism Degeneration Dysgenesis Trauma