Principle 1 Flashcards
Clostridium tetani
A (motile or immotile?)
gram-(positive or negative?)
(spore or Non-spore ?) -forming
(Encapsulated or nonencapsulated?)
(Invasive or non-invasive?)
(obligate or facultative?) (aerobe or anaerobe?)
motile
positive
spore
nonencapsulated
non-invasive
obligate
Anaerobe
____________ is the second most poisonous substance known, surpassed in potency only by __________ toxin
Tetanospasmin
botulinum
trismus (caused by _______ muscle spasm)
Risus sardonicus (spasm of _______ muscles)
masseter
facial
Perinatal Period: period from ________________ to _________ after delivery
age of viability
7 days
Small for gestational age (SGA)
A Small for GA is a baby whose ______ is less than the ____________ for GA or
- The BW is more than ________ standard deviations below the mean for GA
BW; 10th percentile
2
Difference between symmetric and Asymmetric IUGR?
Symmetry
Onset
Frequency
Reduction in fetal head circumference, length and weight ; Reduction in fetal weight, with relatively Normal length and head circumference
Onset is early in fetal development; Onset is late in fetal development
Less common; more common
Treatment in Neonatal tetanus
Management of autonomic dysfunction: only IV __________ is currently recommended as other B-blockers can cause ________ and sudden death
esmolol
hypotension
In tetanus, natural infection confers immunity
T/F
F
It doesn’t
FEEDING
Late preterms : are fed by _________ or ___________
Early preterms : are fed by _________ or _____________
- For VLBW babies, feeding may be initiated with ______________ , then to ______________ to ______________
bottle or directly at the breast
bottle or gavage feeding
buccal colostrum; trophic feeding
graded enteral feeding
Prevent or Treat the Following:
-Hemorrhagic disease of newborn:_____________ , 0.5mg stat. (1mg in terms)
-Apnea of prematurity:______________ 6 mg/kg stat. then 1 mg/kg 12 hrly
IM Vitamin K
IV aminophylline
Baby can be nursed out of incubator, in a cot, after achieving weight >____g
Kangaroo mother care should be continued until weight is ≥________g
1500
2000
Infective Endocarditis: organisms
_____________ or Serratia marcescens is seen more frequently in IV drug users
_________ organisms are encountered after open heart surgery
Coagulase-negative staphylococci are common in the presence of ______________________________
P. aeruginosa
Fungal
an indwelling central venous catheter
RESOMAL vs ORS
solute constituents:
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Citrate
Magnesium
Zinc
Copper
Glucose
Less ; more
More; less
Less;more
Less;more
More; nil
More; nil
More; nil
More; less
Refeeding Syndrome (RS)
- This may follow ________________________ of an undernourished child
- It is characterized by _____kalemia, ______[phosphatemia, and _________magnesemia which
follows ____________ from excessive _____________ administration
overzealous nutritional rehabilitation
hypo; hypo; hypo
hyperinsulinemia ; carbohydrates
The hallmark of Re-feeding syndrome is _______ ________________ which follows cellular uptake of phosphate during the ______ wk of nutritional rehabilitation
severe hypophosphatemia
1st
Poor PEM Treatment Practice
•Use of _________ to treat edema •Inappropriate use of _____ route
•Not restricting __________
• Starting ______ too early
•Ineffective nursing and general supportive care
diuretics
IV; sodium intake
iron
Transmission of tuberculosis :
usually by inhalation of infected mucus droplet nuclei or ______________________
Rarely, transmission can be through penetration of the ______ or ________ , the _________ or the ____________
ingestion of contaminated milk or meat
skin; mucosa; genitalia; placenta
__________ and __________________ are mucocutaneous manifestations of primary TB, which result from hypersensitivity reaction to the tuberculin protein
erythema nodosum and phlyctenular conjunctivitis
The most common pulmonary sites of reactivation of tuberculosis are the ____________ focus, ________ , or the ________ seedings (______________), established during the hematogenous phase of the early infection
original parenchymal
lymph nodes
apical ; Simon foci
________________ is always present in primary TB on X-RAY
Hilar and/or Paratracheal lymphadenopathy
Choroid tubercles, __________ lesions with indistinct borders in the __________ pole of the eye, are a significant, though often overlooked, sign of _________ __________ (_______ __________) and can be an early indicator for diagnosis and treatment
yellowish ; posterior
disseminated tuberculosis
miliary tuberculosis
most serious complication of childhood tuberculosis is ???
Tuberculous meningitis
What is Scrofula?
Tuberculosis of Superficial Lymph Nodes
__________ is the most common form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in children
Scrofula
The _________ is the most commonly affected bone in childhood tuberculosis
spine
Gibbus: is a ______________ on the back resulting from _________________ collapse of one or more destroyed vertebral _______(s)
It typically involves the _________________ and _________________ vertebrae
sharp angulation ; anterior wedge
body ; lower thoracic
upper lumbar
_______ is the recommended TB test in patient > 5 yr
IGRAs
Gene Xpert MTB/RIF
Full meaning
Mycobacterium Rifampicin
In asthma, Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) is __________
Reduced
__________ lung function test is useful in home monitoring of asthma
Peak expiratory flow rate
Spirometry: confirms airflow limitation; usually feasible ni children ______ yr of age
> 6
Lung function tests
______, and _______ are reduced in asthma
FEV1; FEV1/FVC
FEV,/FVC <_______ indicates significant airflow obstruction
0.80
Reversibility of airflow limitation, demonstrated by administering _________ _________-acting Beta agonist (e.g. _________), which increases FEV1, by _____% or ____ mL after ______ , is •
consistent with asthma.
inhaled ; short
salbutamol ; >12%
200 mL ; 15 min
Which is more potent for asthma?
Anticholinergics or Beta Agonists
Beta agonists
_____________ are the most effective anti-inflammatory agents used
in asthma therapy
Inhaled Corticosteroids (ICSs):
Skin tests: positive in _______ asthma, and negative in _______ asthma
alergic; intrinsic
Rehydration
Maintenance therapy
If child can drink: maintenance is given ________ as _______ (preferred) but
If child is unable to drink or intravenous rehydration is indicated: maintenance is given ____________ using ___% ________ in ______% _______ (D5 1⁄2 NS)
orally ; ORS
intravenously
%5 dextrose
0.45% NaCI
Maintenance potassium:_____ mmol ______ should be added to each _______ ml of maintenance IV fluid If child is making adequate urine (1-2 ml/kg/hr)
20; KCL
1000
Antiemetic: since persistent vomiting can limit oral rehydration therapy, single dose of _________ (0.2 mg/kg) may be given as sublingual tablet, VI or IM.
However, most children do not require specific antiemetic therapy
ondansetron
Antimotility agents: (e.g. loperamide) are (indicated or contraindicated?) in children with dysentery and probably have no role in the management of acute watery diarrhea in otherwise healthy children
contraindicated
Some Sporozoites of P. ______ and P. _________, instead of multiplying, enter a __________ phase, _______—, within the liver cells
vivax ; ovale,
dormant ; Hypnozoites
chill is a feeling of ________, while rigor is __________ associated with __________
coldness
coldness; shivering
Malaria Nephropathy
P. _______ malaria may be associated, in children, with __________ malaria nephropathy, a __________ syndrome which results from deposition of antimalarial antibodies in the glomerular basement membrane
-
Also, P. falciparum malaria may be complicated by acute renal failure, and rarely acute glomerulonephritis
malariae; quartan
nephritic
ASTHMA
Exhaled _________: a noninvasive test to measure degree of airway inflammation.
It is reduced by inhaled corticosteroids; thus a measure for compliance
with therapy
nitric oxide
Asthma treatment
cromolyn sodium and nedocromil sodium inhibits _________
Mast cells
Febrile Seizures: are seizures occurring in a child between _______ to _______ of age due to temperature >_____°C, which is not resulting from CNS infection or any metabolic imbalance, and the child is otherwise neurologically normal
6 mo to 5 yr
38
