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Senoir paeds > Diarrheal Diseases > Flashcards

Diarrheal Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Watery Diarrhea: _______ or more _______ or _______ stools in _______

Dysentery: Presence of _______ and/or _______ in stools

Persistent Diarrhea: Diarrhea lasting for ____________ or more

A

3 ; liquid ; watery ; 24 h

blood ; mucus

14 days

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2
Q

Diarrhoea is a leading cause of death among children under five globally.

A

5

faeco-oral

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3
Q

Season: Tropics

A

Throughout; dry

rainy

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4
Q

Temperate climate

A

winter

warm

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5
Q

Predisposing factors

A

breastfeed exclusively ; 6 months ; 2 years.

feeding ; wash hands

contaminated ; Malnutrition

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6
Q

Aetiology of diarrhea

Watery diarrhea :???

Dysentery: ??

Persistent diarrhea:???

A

Rota virus
E.coli
Cholera

Shigelliosis
Ameobiasis

Causes are mostly unknown

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7
Q

Transmission

Most of the diarrheal agents are transmitted by the _______ route

Some viruses (such as rotavirus) can be transmitted through _________

Nosocomial transmission is (possible or impossible?)

Shigella (the bacteria causing ________) is mainly transmitted _________________

A

fecal-oral

air; possible

dysentery; person-to-person

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8
Q

PERSON-AT-RISK

Cholera: ______ years and above, (common or uncommon?) in very young infants

Shigellosis: more common in young children aged _________ years

Rotavirus diarrhea: more common in young infants and children aged __________

E. coli diarrhea: can occur at ______ age

Amebiasis: more common among ________

A

2 years ; uncommon

below 5 years

1-2 years

any ; adults

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9
Q

Types of Vibrio Cholera

Two major biotypes of Vibrio cholera that
cause diarrhea are:
 __________
 __________

Two common serotypes of Vibrio cholera
that cause diarrhea are:
 Inaba  Ogawa

A

Classical
ElTor

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10
Q

Vibrio Cholerae O139

Vibrio cholerae in _____-group ____ was first isolated in 1992 and by 1993 had been found throughout the ______ subcontinent. This epidemic expansion probably resulted from a single source after a _______________ event that changed the serotype of an epidemic V. cholerae O1 El Tor strain to O139.

A

O-group 139

Indian subcontinent.

lateral gene transfer (LGT)

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11
Q

TYPES OF SHIGELLA
The major serotypes of Shigella that cause
diarrhea are:
 Dysenteriae type 1 or __________________
 Shigella __________________
 Shigella __________________
 Shigella __________________

A

Shigella shiga
 Shigella flexneri
 Shigella sonnei
 Shigella boydii

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12
Q

TYPES OF E. COLI
Six major types of Escherichia coli cause
diarrhea:

List them

A

 Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
 Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)
 Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)
 Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (E. coli O157:H7)  Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAggEC)
 Diffuse adherent E. coli (DAEC)

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13
Q

History for diarrhea

Diarrhea

A

duration; number; blood

fever, cough

feeding practices

Urine output

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14
Q

CLINICAL FEATURE: CHOLERA
__________ stool
Marked __________
__________ vomiting
_______ fever or abdominal pain
Muscle cramps
__________ shock
__________ urine

A

Rice-watery
dehydration
Projectile
No
Hypovolemic
Scanty

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15
Q

CLINICAL FEATURE: E. COLI DIARRHEA

__________ stools
__________ is common
Dehydration
__________ Fever
__________ abdominal pain

A

Watery
Vomiting
moderate to severe
Mild

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16
Q

CLINICAL FEATURE: ROTAVIRUS DIARRHEA

__________ onset

Prodromal symptoms, including _______, __________, and __________ precede diarrhea

Stools are __________ or __________; the color is greenish or yellowish– typically looks like ____________________

_______ to _______ dehydration

Fever– __________ grade

A

Insidious

fever ; cough ; vomiting

watery ; semi-liquid;

yoghurt mixed in water

Mild to moderate

moderate grade

17
Q

CLINICAL FEATURE: SHIGELLOSIS

(Frequent or Rare?) passage of ________ amount of stools, mostly mixed with ________ and ________

________ to ________ grade fever

(Mild, moderate , or Severe?) abdominal cramps
__________ – pain around anus during defecation
Usually _______ dehydration

A

Frequent ; scanty

blood ; mucus

Moderate to high

Severe; Tenesmus–

no

18
Q

CLINICAL FEATURE: AMEBIASIS
_________ and _________ stools containing mostly _________ and sometimes _________

(Upper or Lower?) abdominal cramp
_______ grade fever
_______ dehydration

A

Offensive ; bulky stools

mucus ; blood

Lower ; Mild

No

19
Q

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

________ microscopy
_________ microscopy of stool for cholera
Stool ________
_______ for rotavirus
Immunoassays, bioassays or DNA probe
tests to identify E. coli strains

A

Stool microscopy

Dark field microscopy

cultures

ELISA

20
Q

Clinical Assessment

A

Dehydration

dehydration

prevent ; treat

21
Q

Assessment of dehydration in a malnourished child
Reliable parameters are

History of ________
______ mucous membranes
Rapid and weak _______
History of ________

A

diarrhea

Dry; pulse

urine output.

22
Q

Investigations:

A

Acidic

23
Q

Treatment of Doarrhea

__________
_____________
_________________

A

Rehydration
Medication
Nutrition

24
Q

Treatment plan A- For patients with no sign of dehydration

A

50-100

100-200

as much as desired

25
Q

Treatment plan B: for patients with Mild and Moderate dehydration

A

oral rehydration salt solution

75; IV fluid

100-200

26
Q

Treatment plan C: for patients with severe dehydration - Give ________mls/kg IV.

A

100

27
Q

Probiotics

A

live microbial; lactobacilli

yogurt, milk, soy drinks.

28
Q

Nutrition

A

6; one extra

2weeks; continue

29
Q

Micronutrients

A

duration

two; formula feed

lactose free

30
Q

COMPLICATIONS: WATERY DIARRHEA

List 6

A

Dehydration
Electrolyte imbalances
Tetany
Convulsions
Hypoglycemia
Renal failure

31
Q

COMPLICATIONS: DYSENTERY
Electrolyte imbalances
Convulsions
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) Leukemoid reaction
Toxic megacolon
Protein losing enteropathy
Arthritis
Perforation

A

Shshsh

32
Q

Prevention

________ and __________ vaccinations

Promotion of early and exclusive ___________ and __________ supplementation

Promotion of hand washing with ———-

Improved water supply quantity and quality, including treatment and safe storage of household water
Community-wide ________ promotion.

A

Rotavirus and measles

breastfeeding ; vitamin A

soap; sanitation

33
Q

VACCINES

An oral cholera vaccine is available, which gives immunity to 50-60% of those who take the vaccine, and this immunity lasts ________________.

No vaccines are available against ________

A vaccine against ___________ diarrhea has been withdrawn recently from the market.

A

only a few months.

shigellosis; rotavirus

Senoir paeds (25 decks)

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