random cards Flashcards
1
Q
why are blood products added to media
A
- add nutrients
- feed bacteria
2
Q
3 types of blood products that can be added to media
A
- whole blood
- lysed blood
- serum
3
Q
what is the source of blood products
A
horse and sheep
4
Q
why is human blood not a good source
A
contains the following
- antigens
- antibodies
- hormones
- antibiotics
- disease
5
Q
2 purposes of using whole blood agar
A
- to enrich
- to show hemolysis
6
Q
what temp is whole blood heated to in order to lyse it
A
60 degrees celcius
7
Q
example of lysed blood media
A
- chocolate agar
- Thayer-Martin
8
Q
when you heat agar to 45-50 degrees and add lysed blood, what type of agar will you create
A
skirrow’s
9
Q
what temp is serum heated to, to create Loeffler’s agar
A
85 degrees celcius
10
Q
creating Loeffler’s agar requires what process
A
inspissation
11
Q
what is Saponin
A
lysing agent
12
Q
what is resazurin
A
o2 indicator
13
Q
what temp does agar solidify
A
38-42 degrees celcius
14
Q
what temp does agar dissolve
A
90-100 degrees celcius
15
Q
how much agar do you add to make slushy consistency
A
.5%
16
Q
how much agar do you add to reduce convection currents
A
0.05-0.1%
17
Q
how much agar do you add to make it very firm
A
3-5%
18
Q
purpose of making agar very firm
A
prevent swarming
19
Q
how much agar added to give routine solid media
A
2%
20
Q
4 ingredients that make up basic media
A
- peptones
- carbohydrates
- agar
- distilled water
21
Q
why is tap water not added to agar
A
tap water has impurities/ions that can inhibit bacterial growth
22
Q
in which agar is hemolysis visible
A
- whole blood
- PEA with blood
23
Q
what color is beta hemolysis
A
clear
24
Q
what color is alpha hemolysis
A
green/brown
25
what chemistries do you use a gold/SST tube for
- creatinine - iron
- bilirubin - magnesium
- albumin - lithium
- sodium - glucose
- potassium - hormones
- lipids - vitamins
- amylase - creatine kinase
26
what color tube is used to draw blood glucose levels when no other chemistries are ordered
grey tube
27
royal blue tube # of inversions
8 times
28
what is the % of H2o found in a serum tube
90-91.5% h2o (water)
29
what specimens are light sensitive
- bilirubin beta carotene
- vitamin b12
- folate
30
what is needed to protect light sensitive specimens
amber sleeve or aluminum foil
31
what is hemolysis
RBC rupture
32
why can you not use gold/SST tube to test for drugs
thixotropic gel will absorb meds/drugs
33
what does the additive sodium polyanethol sulfonate do
anti-coagulate by calcium chelation
34
what does the additive prothrombin activator do
enhance clotting
35
plasma tube contain
clotting factors
36
what are formed elements
RBC, WBC and platelets
37
what does the additive acid citrate dextrose do
acid - acts as buffer
citrate - anti-coagulate by calcium chelation
dextrose - is nitrient
38
what does the additive buffered sodium citrate do
anti-coagulate by calcium chelation
39
what does the additive thixotropic gel do
separate serum from clot
40
how can you tell you have a Hemolysed sample
sample will be a pink/red color depending on level of hemolysis
41
what does the additive heparin do
prevents prothrombin from converting to thrombin
42
what color tubes produce plasma
- bright yellow
- light blue
- green
- lavender/pink
- pale yellow
- grey
- black
43
what is a hematoma
bruise
44
what color tubes produce serum
- gold/SST
| - red
45
what does the additive broth culture medium do
provide nutrients
46
what 2 tests require the patient to fast and for how long
10-12 hour fasting for blood glucose
| 8-10 hour fasting for gestational diabetes glucose tolerance test
47
what does the additive sodium fluoride do
anti-coagulate
48
serum tube contain
no clotting factors
49
how can you tell you have a lipemic sample
sample is a cloudy/whitish color
50
what color tube is used to draw blood glucose levels when there are other chemistries are ordered
gold/SST
51
what test is done that requires warming
cold agglutination test
52
what steps are required after green tube is collected
- put on ice immediately
| - rush to testing facility immediately
53
what does the additive EDTA do
anticoagulate by calcium chelation
54
what does additive charcoal do
absorb toxins
55
how can you tell you have a icteric sample
serum/plasma will be amber in color
56
what does the additive potassium oxalate do
anticoagulate by calcium chelation
57
what is hemoconcentration
increased volume of formed elements
58
what specimens need to be chilled
- STAT tests
- ammonia
- blood gases
- catecholamines
59
how many efferent vessels do OUT of a lymph node
1 efferent vessel
60
explain passive artificial
antibodies injected into person exposed to disease or toxin
61
what do suppressor T-cells do
decrease immune response once invasion is controlled
62
explain active artificial immunity and give example
injected with pathogen to produce antibodies and develop memory
example vaccinations
63
what is a lymph node made up of
- macrophages
| - B & T lymphocytes
64
explain how COMPLEMENT chemical action works
- antibody binds to antigen
- changes antigens shape and exposes vulnerable spot
- antibody bores holes in antigen
- sodium and water flow into antigen
- antigen ruptures
65
fluid in the subclavian vein
plasma
66
fluid in a blood capillary
plasma
67
why is thy cisterna chyli important
gradually drains preventing thoracic duct from exploding
68
explain process of active natural immunity
- person exposed to disease
- get sick
- fully recover
- develop memory
69
what do we have inborn immunity from and give example
diseases from another species
| example distemper
70
how many afferent vessels go INTO a lymph node
4 afferent vessels
71
what form of immunity is active natural immunity
specific immunity
72
what do blood capillaries transport
plasma
73
another name for inborn immunity
inherited immunity
74
fluid in the tissue
interstitial fluid
75
after 1st rabies shot, do you have active artificial or passive artificial immunity
passive artificial
76
what term of immunity does passive artificial provide
short term immunity
77
what is fluid in a lymph capillary
lymph fluid
78
pathway of lymph fluid in lower quadrant
```
lymph capillaries
lymph veins
cisterna chyli
thoracic duct
left subclavian vein
superior vena cava
```
79
lymphocyte activated in antibody mediated response
B-lymphocytes
80
explain importance of afferent and efferent vessel numbers
allows lymph fluid to circulate longer and cleaned before flowing out (4 in 1 out)
81
what is a phagocyte
cell that eats bad stuff
82
what does red bone marrow produce
B-lymphocytes
83
explain the life span of the thymus
- most effective up to puberty
- less effective until
- 65 is replaced by adipose and stops working
84
what do lymph nodes do
filter lymph fluid
85
5 examples of a barrier
- skin
- tears
- ear wax
- mucus
- stomach acid
86
what does the spleen filter
blood
87
what is lymphedema
swelling in tissue
88
what does systemic inflammation cause and why
- fever
- to speed up metabolism and negatively affect pathogen's metabolism
- lead to anaphylactic shock
89
what is immunity
ability to fight off pathogens
90
allergies are immunity against what
environmental antigens
91
3 types of tonsils and location
palatine - side of throat
pharyngeal - back of throat
lingual - under tongue
92
neutrophils part of specific or non-specific immunity
non-specific immunity
93
how many lymph nodes in the body
approx 600
94
what does the thymus do and where is it located
produces T lymphocytes
| located behind the sternum
95
what is lymphadenitis
infection that causes swelling/tenderness in lymph nodes
96
explain how INTERFERON chemical action works
- virus invades cell
- takes over DNA and multiplies
- invaded cell sends chemical message to neighboring cells
- tells them to protect themselves
- invaded call dies
97
external surface provides what type of immunity
non-specific immunity
98
how much can the spleen hold
up to 500mL of blood
99
what is systemic inflammation
inflammation throughout body
100
resistant to foreign invaders means what
body fights off foreign invaders on its own
101
what is the spleen filled with
red and white pulp
102
what type of immunity is systemic inflammation
non-specific immunity
103
% of lymph fluid filtered in right upper quadrant
25%
104
what is localized inflammation
redness, warmth, swelling in specific body part or location
105
what do tonsils filter
inhaled and ingested particles
106
what term of immunity does active artificial immunity provide
long term immunity
107
explain passive natural immunity
immunity passes from mother's antibodies to fetus across placenta and through breast milk
108
3 things helper T cells activate
- killer T's
- suppressors
- memories
109
what is the cisterna chyli for
acts as holding tank for lymph fluid 0 up to 300mL
110
what type of immunity is localized inflammation
non-specific immunity
111
susceptible means what
inability to fight off foreign invaders on its own
112
immune response to all or any foreign invaders is what kind of immunity
non-specific immunity
113
purpose of the lymphatic system
- immunity
- blood volume control
- absorb fats and fat soluble vitamins
114
what do the 3 color bands stand for
red - 1mL
blue - 5mL
orange - 10mL
115
difference between droplet and airborne precautions
droplet - cough or sneeze
| airborne - aerosol
116
united stated pharmacopoeia (USP) or national formulary (NF) reagent is used where
pharmacies
117
explain electronic balance
- precise measurements
- electricity
- 1 plate
- tare out container
- calibrate with known weights
- clean with 70% isopropyl alcohol after each use
118
what does IQMH do
ensure quality in lab
119
what do you clean a class II biosafety cabinet with
70% isopropyl alcohol
120
UN2900
infectious substance affecting animals only
121
IQMH
institute for quality management in healthcare
122
RHPA
regulated health professionals act
123
purified, practical or commercial is used by who for what
used by manufacturers as starting chemical to produce reagent of greater purity
124
how are acids and bases carried
splash/fracture buckets
125
solute formula
solute OVER solution
% OVER 100 = x OVER solution
126
sterilize does what give examples
destroys all microorganisms and their spores
| examp autoclave, hot air oven, radiation
127
type of disposable glass used in labs
flint
128
LSCCLA
laboratory and specimen collection center licensing act
129
technical reagent grade has what purity level
least pure
130
solvent formula and number of steps
step 1
solute OVER solution
% OVER 100 = x OVER solution
step 2
solute + solvent (x) = solution
131
how to ensure safety when using centrifuge
- ensure balance
- no breaks in tubes
- ensure tubes capped
132
what does a pH meter do
measures pH ion concentration
133
when are MSDS sheets provided
- from supplier upon 1st purchase
- every 3 years
- when product changes
134
type of reusable plastic used in labs
polypropline
135
what does blow out mean
force out last drop
136
sterilize what type of objects
inanimate
137
what is reverse isolation
HC workers and visitors wear PPE to protect patient who is immunocompromised
138
reagent formula and number of steps
```
solute OVER solute + solvent = solution
step 1
reagent A OVER reagent a + b = x OVER total volume
step 2
solute + solvent = solution
```
139
clinical chemistry/biochemistry sub departments
- immunology (antibody/antigen levels and reactions)
- urinalysis
- toxicology
140
hematology is the study of
blood cells and clotting factors
141
microbiology sub departments
- bacteriology
= virology
- mycology
- parasitology
142
list all 5 measurement glassware
- volumetric flasks
- volumetric pipettes
- serological pipettes
- MoHR pipettes
- micropipettes
143
OHSA
occupational health and safety act
144
explain mechanical balance
- less precise measurements
- manual
- 2 or more plates
- tare out
- calibrate with known weights
- clean with 70% isopropyl alcohol after each use
145
how are acids and bases stored
separately with glass jars in explosion cabinets
146
list conditions for autoclave to sterilize equipment
121 degrees for 15 minutes at 15psi
147
antiseptic what type of objects
animate
148
histopathology/anatomical pathology looks for what
anatomical abnormalities in body tissue and cells
149
what 3 controls are included with each run of an autoclave
- temperature
- biological
- pressure
150
reagent grade or analytical reagent (AR) is used for what
- research
- producing controls
- standards and buffers
151
reagent grade or analytical reagent aka
american chemical society (ACS)
152
LPTP
laboratory proficiency testing program
153
purpose of MSDS sheets
provide info about hazardous materials in workplace
154
chemical pure reagent grade used for
laboratory analyses
155
UN 1845
dryice/caron dioxide inside
156
what does an etched band mean
blow out
157
what does to deliver mean
allow to drain and retain last drop
158
UN 2814
infectious substance affecting humans
159
disinfect what type of objects
inanimate
160
reagent grade or analytical reagent has what purity level
highest purity
161
what does LPTP do
- provide licensing
| - sends blind samples
162
what does a frosted band mean
total volume
163
what does to contain mean
rinse in final solution
164
what do mean/median/mode stand for
```
mean = average
median = central/middle value
mode = precision
```
165
3 uses for hot air oven
- incubate cultures
- dry glassware
- reactivate catalysts/desiccants
166
hematology sub department deals with
coagulation studies
167
describe a beaker and use
- wide mouth/parallel sides
| - mixing solutions
168
reagent grades level of purity high to low
1. reagent grade/analytical grade
2. chemical pure
3. united stated pharmacopeia/national formulary grade
4. purified, practical or commercial
5. technical grade
169
disinfect does what give examples
- reduce levels of microorganisms to safe handling level
| - 10% bleach, 70% isopropyl alcohol, ammonia
170
antiseptic does what give examples
- reduce microorganism levels to avoid spread
| - ABHR, 70% isopropyl alcohol, 3% hydrogen peroxide
171
how to clean class III biosafety cabinet
clean with radiation
172
what does 2 standard deviations from the mean indicate
testing method is 95% accurate
173
sanitize what type of objects
animate and inanimate
174
OLA
ontario laboratory accreditation
175
list all 7 non-critical measurement glassware
- bottles
- beakers
- Erlenmeyer flask
- Florence flask
- transfer pipette
- pasteur pipette
- graduated cylinder
176
temperature conversion formula
9c=5f-160
177
how do you clean class I biosafety cabinet
clean with 70% isopropyl alcohol
178
sanitize does what plus examples
- reduce levels of microorganisms to safe handling level
| - 70% isopropyl alcohol, ABHR
179
UN 3291
clinical/medical waste
180
PHIPA
personal health information protection act
181
normal freezer temp
-10 to -20 degrees celcius
182
transfusion science deals with what department
blood type compatibility
183
concentration formula
v1c1=v2c2
184
what does a centrifuge do
separates fluids into layers of density
185
glassware used to measure 24 hour urine
graduated cylinder
186
histopathology/anatomical pathology sub department
- histology
- cytology
- cytogenetics
187
where does category B box go
always to public health laboratory
188
type of disposable plastic used in labs
polyethylene
189
3 types of reusable glass used in lab
- quartz
- borosilicate kimex
- pyrex
190
technical reagent grade is used where
industrial
191
transfusion science sub department
maternal-fetal compatibility
192
what are the 2 electrodes of a pH meter called
- glass
| - reference/calomel
193
PIPEDA
personal information protection and electronic documents act
194
united stated pharmacopoeia or national formulary has what purity level
less pure than chemical pure
195
normal refrigerator temp
+\- 4 degrees
196
what is a micropipette used for
measuring in microliters
197
microbiology studies what
infectious agents
198
UN 3373
biological substance category B
199
clinical chemistry/biochemistry department deal with
- chemical components
| - body fluids
