microbiology/immunology exam Flashcards
1
Q
define opportunistic
A
organism present but doesn’t cause harm until host is immunocompromised
2
Q
is MIC solid or broth media
A
broth media
3
Q
agar - what does salmonella-Shigella differential show
A
pH indicator (neutral red)
4
Q
passive artificial provides what length of immunity
A
short term
5
Q
form of antibiotic used in Kirby-Bauer test
A
paper disks
6
Q
passive natural provides what length of immunity
A
short term - to allow baby’s immune system to develop
7
Q
agar - what is whole blood enriched with
A
whole blood
8
Q
active artificial provides what length of immunity
A
long term
9
Q
agar - selenite f selective agent added
A
selenite f
10
Q
agar - Hektoen differential shows
A
pH indicator
11
Q
agar - PEA with blood is enriched with
A
whole blood
12
Q
example of parasitism
A
fleas/ticks
13
Q
passive natural immunity example
A
mother through placenta or breast milk
14
Q
explain active natural immunity
A
person exposed to disease, gets sick and fully recovers
15
Q
aerotolerant anaerobe atmosphere
A
prefers 0% oxygen but can live in 2-10% (not higher)
16
Q
non specific immunity barriers
A
skin, tears, ear wax, cilia, mucus, stomach acid
17
Q
example of active artificial immunity
A
vaccinations
18
Q
define normal flora
A
bacteria normally in body but does not harm, sometimes benefits host
19
Q
explain systemic (non-specific immunity)
A
- throughout the body
- causes increased body temp to speed up metabolism
- negatively affect pathogens metabolism
20
Q
MIC testing - quantitative or qualitative result
A
qualitative
21
Q
obligate aerobe
A
prefers 21% oxygen
22
Q
obligate anaerobe
A
prefers 0% oxygen
oxygen toxic
23
Q
explain localized (non-specific immunity)
A
redness, warmth, swelling in specific body part or location
24
Q
of antibiotics tested at one time (MIC)
A
1
25
type of antibiotic used (MIC)
IV antibiotics
26
explain passive natrual immunity
when mother passes her immunity/antibodies to fetus across placenta or through breastmilk to newborn
27
example of opportunistic
patient on chemotherapy
28
agar - PEA with blood differential shows
hemolysis
29
type of antibiotics used in Kirby-Bauer
topical or oral
30
of antibiotics tested at one time (Kirby-Bauer)
6
31
agar - PEA selective (added)? prevents what?
- PEA
| - prevents swarming
32
agar - Selenite F enrichment agent
selenite f broth
33
passive artificial immunity examples
- rabies anti serum
| - rattle snake antivenom
34
is kirby-Bauer solid or broth media
solid media
35
facultative anaerobe
prefers 21% oxygen but can live in less
36
Kirby-Bauer testing - quantitative or qualitative result
quantitative
37
agar - Hektoen selective agent
bile salts
38
agar - PEA with blood selective? prevents what?
- PEA
| - prevents swarming
39
agar - CLED differential
pH indicator
40
form of antibiotic used in MIC test
fluid antibiotic solution processed through serial dilution
41
agar - Thayer-Martin enriched with
lysed blood
42
agar - salmonella-Shigella selective
bile salts
43
agar - MacConkey differential
pH indicator (neutral red)
44
microaerophile
lives in 3-10% oxygen (nothing higher or lower)
45
example of pathogen
salmonella, Ecoli
46
active natural immunity examples
mono, strep throat
47
capnophile
prefers 5-10% co2
48
agar - whole blood incubation
oxygen or co2
49
agar - whole blood differential
hemolysis
50
explain interferon (non-specific immunity)
- virus invades cell
- cell produce chemical message informing neighboring cells that virus is on loose
- warn them to ramp up defenses
- invaded cell dies
51
agar - whole blood used in what
all routine specimens except feces
52
define parasitism
one organism lives in/on another and benefits at expense of host
53
agar - thioglycolate purpose/use
determine atmospheric needs
54
explain passive artificial immunity
antibodies from another person/species are injected into person exposed to disease/toxin
55
agar - salmonella - shigella incubation
- oxygen
| - co2 affects pH
56
example of colonization
fecal flora in axilla or groin (pooh pits)
57
agar - MacConkey selective agents
bile salts
58
define pathogen
organism that causes disease
59
explain active artificial immunity
antigens from disease introduced into body to provoke immune response
60
example of normal flora
skin, oral, fecal flora
61
agar - chocolate enriched with
lysed blood
62
what does IgM do
causes clumping of antigens allowing macrophages to destroy quicker
63
what does IgE do
binds to basophils, force histamine release
64
what are IgM responsible for
ABO blood typing reactions
65
define commensalism
relationship between 2 organisms - 1 benefits, other not harmed or benefit
66
what is IgG responsible for
erythroblastosis fetalis therefore Rh incompatibility
67
explain phagocytosis (non-specific immunity)
macrophages, monocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils all eat foreign particles
68
what does IgD do
cause B cells to be activated and multiply
69
agar - thioglycolate incubation
oxygen
70
agar - thioglycolate enriched with
- vitamin K
- Hemin
- Casein
71
what does IgG do
cross placenta to protect fetus
72
explain complement (non-specific immunity)
- antibodies attack antigens
- chemically change antigens shape exposing vulnerable areas
- bore holes in antigen to allow sodium and water to enter until antigen ruptures
73
agar - salmonella-Shigella use/purpose
feces
74
where are IgA found
- breastmilk
- tears
- saliva
- mucus
75
define colonization
organism present in area not usual, doesn't cause problems
76
agar - Thayer-Martin selective agent
antibiotics
77
chlamydia presenting as pneumonia comes from
bird poop
78
selenite F selective
selenite F
79
why can chlamydia be classified a virus
- invades cells in order to multiply
- only cultured in live media
- lives IN cells
80
what type of culture media do viruses grow in
- embryonic chicken egg
- living tissue culture
- live culture media
81
Kirby-Bauer disk plate - distance showing bacterial growth is sensitive
14mm or more from antibiotic disk
82
Thayer-Martin differential
no
83
Thayer-Martin enrichment
no
84
what are you looking to do on streak plate
isolate colonies of bacterial growth
85
artificial passive immunity
antibodies injected to person exposed to disease or toxin
86
autoimmunity is
immunity against self
87
immunity where a persons antibodies attack cells received from someone else
isoimmunity
88
natural passive immunity
passed from mother's antibodies to fetus across placenta or through breastmilk
89
Kirby-Bauer disk plate - zone of inhibition
0-14mm
90
chlamydia - small stage means
infectious stage
91
chlamydia - large stage means
multiplying stage
92
causes of blood smear to be too thick
- too much blood
| - angle too high
93
causes of blood smear to be too thin
- too little blood
| - angle too low
94
minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) processed by
serial dilutions
95
minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) # of antibodies tested at once
1 antibiotic tested at a time
96
MIC strength to use determined when
1st tube with NO growth is dose to use
97
Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion - # antibiotics tested at once
6 antibiotics tested at one time
98
bacteria that is sensitive to antibiotic means
antibiotics stop bacteria from growing
99
ingredients causing culture media to be selective
- bile salts
- alcohol
- dyes
- antibiotics
100
Salmonella-Shigella selective
bile salts
101
Selenite F enrichment
enrichment broth
102
solidify agar - what temp
38-42 degrees celcius
103
how does bacteria grow with enrichment media
bacteria grown in broth
104
natural active immunity
- person exposed
- get sick
- fully recover
- develop memory
105
natural active immunity length of time
long term immunity
106
what must always be done for enrichment media
always sub cultured to solid media
107
characteristics of dimorphic fungi classified as
both yeast and mold
108
bacteria that is resistant to antibiotic means
bacteria will keep growing - not affected by antibiotics
109
Salmonella-Shigella differential
pH indicator (neutral red)
110
what % of agar is added to prevent bacterial swarming
3-5%
111
what % of agar added to make culture media "slushy"
0.5%
112
why can Rickettsia be classified a virus
only cultured in living tissue
113
what do you add at 85 degrees Celsius
serum
114
3 types of atmospheres bacteria grow in
- oxygen
- no oxygen
- co2
115
Zeihl-Neelson stains what type of bacteria
acid fast bacteria
116
alpha hemolysis color
green/brown
117
beta hemolysis color
clear
118
what does insipissation create
Loeffler's media
119
Kirby-Bauer bacterial growth 14mm or more from antibiotic disk means`
bacteria is sensitive
120
gram+ bacteria is what color after staining
blue
121
gram- bacteria is what color after staining
red
122
whole blood differential
hemolysis
123
whole blood selective
no
124
what antibodies does type AB blood have
none
125
what antigens does type AB blood have
A and B
126
list the 5 antibodies learned in class
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD
127
Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion processed by
impregnated paper disks in solid media (Thayer-Martin)
128
when do IgE come into action
histamine and inflammation
129
Zeihl-Neelson primary stain used
carbol Fushsin
130
how does IgM circulate? when is it active?
- attached to B-lymphs
| - active when antigen present
131
what do IgE bind to? why?
- bind to basophils
| - force basophils to produce histamine
132
dimorphic fungi growth temp
20-37 degrees celcius
133
what order is Gram stain performed
1. primary stain
2. mordant
3. decolorizer
4. secondary/counter stain
134
mordant used in gram stain
gram's iodine
135
primary stain used in gram stain
crystal violet or gentian violet
136
PEA differential
no
137
selenite F differential
no
138
secondary stain used in Gram stain
safranin or carbol fuchsin
139
how is bacteria fixed to slide for gram stain
heat fix
140
do people have inborn immunity from Chlamydia
no
141
macroscopic mean
visible with naked eye
142
MIC used in
IV antibiotics
143
Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion used in
oral and topical antibiotics
144
Zeil-Neelson mordant used
no mordant used
145
Zeihl-Neelson decolorizer used
acid alcohol
146
Zeihl-Neelson secondary stain used
methylene blue
147
microscopic means
must use microscope to see
148
how do you view colony morphology
macroscopically
149
how do you view bacteria morphology
must use microscope
150
Zeihl-Neelson - how is bacteria fixed to a slide
heat or chemical fix
151
immunity where antibodies attack you own cells
autoimmunity
152
component in cell wall that determines Gram negative or positive
number of lipids
153
how do yeast reproduce
through buds
154
why is starch added to media
absorb toxin when charcoal is toxic
155
what is Rickettsia classified as
bacteria that acts like a bacteria, virus and parasite
156
what order is Zeihl-Neelson stain performed
1. heat/chemical fix specimen
2. flood smear with primary stain
3. heat slide from underneath for 5 min, do not boil, add stain as evaporates
4. no mordant step
5. flood slide with acid-alcohol for 20 seconds
6. rinse with tap water
7. flood slide with secondary stain for 60 seconds
8. rinse with tap water
9. air dry
157
which type of blood is universal donor and why
O-
| has no antigens for be found foreign
158
which blood type is the universal recipient and why
AB+
| has no antibodies to fight foreign antigens
159
why can Rickettsia be classified a bacteria
can treat with antibiotics
160
why can Rickettsia be classified a parasite
requires living host to survive
161
what is Chlamydia classified as
bacteria that acts like a bacteria, virus and parasite
162
what do you incubate whole blood media in
- oxygen
- no oxygen
- co2
163
Isoimmunity is what? examples?
```
- immunity against antigens from someone else
examples
- transplant rejection
- erythroblastosis fetalis
- blood transfusion rejection
```
164
whole blood enriched
with whole blood
165
why can Chlamydia be classified a bacteria
responds to antibiotics
166
why can Chlamydia be classified a parasite
needs living host to survive
167
whole blood enrichment
no
168
PEA selective
PEA (phenyl ethyl alcohol)
169
do viruses reapond to antiviotics
no
170
what is saponin
lysing agent
171
what is resazurin
oxygen indicator
172
what is it called when you add serum at 85 degrees celcius
inspissation
173
PEA enriched
no
174
PEA enrichment
no
175
Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion used to measure (x2)
- zone of inhibition
| strength of antibiotics to use
176
Salmonella-Shigella enriched
no
177
salmonella-Shigella enrichment
no
178
decolorizer used in Gram stain
alcohol or acetone
179
Thayer-Martin selective
with antibiotics
180
Thayer-martin enriched
lysed blood
181
when do IgA come into action
- to baby from breastmilk
| - tears
182
what do selective agents do
inhibit growth of 1 so other can grow
183
why are blood products added to culture media
to enrich
184
what can you see on differential media
- hemolysis
| - pH changes
185
where does IgG circulate
plasma
186
Kirby0Bauer zone of inhibition 0mm means
bacteria is resistant
187
what does differential media show
colony growth/morphology
188
Selenite F enriched
no
189
what does Phenyl Ethyl Alcohol (PEA) inhibit
gram negative bacilli
190
how does artificial active immunity protect
pathogen injected to produce antibodies and develop memory
191
what is an antigen
foreign substance that invades body provoking immune response
192
where does IgA circulate
- breastmilk
- tears
- saliva
- mucus
193
how do IgD circulate
attached to B-lymphs
194
when do IgG come into action? example
Isoimmunity situations like erythroblastosis fetalis
195
where do IgE circulate
in mucus membrane and tonsils
196
what is an antibody
protein present in cytoplasm that respond to antigen
197
when do IgM come into action
ABO blood typing reactions
