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Med Lab > histology/cytology exam > Flashcards

histology/cytology exam Flashcards

1
Q

decalcification volume

A

50-100 times decalcification volume to tissue volume

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2
Q

visual change to Eosin when staining

A

pink/red -red/orange cytoplasm

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3
Q

what fixative is explosive if it dries

A

picric acid

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4
Q

what is acetone

A

fixative and dehydrating agent

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5
Q

toxic fixative

A

mercuric chloride

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6
Q

what is histology

A

examination of tissues and cells for ANY abnormalities

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7
Q

what is formalin

A

fixative

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8
Q

ultramicrotomes section size

A

0.05-0.50 nm (nanometers)

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9
Q

ultramicrotomes knife type

A

plate glass or diamond

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10
Q

ultramicrotomes specific use

A

seen using electron microscope

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11
Q

what is glutaraldehyde

A

fixative

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12
Q

what is cedar oil

A

clearing agent

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13
Q

histology staining mordant alone is also called what

A

trapping agent

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14
Q

what is picric acid

A

fixative

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15
Q

what is different about mercuric chloride than other fixatives

A

opaque

can be seen on xrays

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16
Q

most expensive clearing agent

A

cedar oil

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17
Q

what is benzene

A

clearing agent

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18
Q

what is butyl alcohol

A

dehydrating agent

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19
Q

what is ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)

A

decalcifying agent

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20
Q

what is methyl alcohol

A

dehydrating agent

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21
Q

when dehydrating delicate tissue start with what %

A

50%

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22
Q

what happens during dehydration

A

remove water from fixed specimens

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23
Q

how does decalcification work

A

removed calcium or phosphate salts

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24
Q

how are sections mounted to slide

A

sections floated in warm bath to flatten when scooped up by slide

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25
Q

4 types of carcinogenic clearing agents

A
  • xylene
  • benzene
  • toluene
  • carbon tetrachloride
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26
Q

how do embedding agents work

A

tissue impregnated with paraplast to form blocks to be sectioned

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27
Q

fixation volume

A

10-20 times fixation volume to tissue volume

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28
Q

when histology staining what converts during ripening

A

hematoxylin converts to hematin

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29
Q

fixation volume minimum and maximum ratio

A

minimum 1:10
maximum 1:20
tissue to fixative

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30
Q

how long do decalcified samples need to be fixed before processing

A

2-4 days

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31
Q

visual change to hematoxylin when staining

A

blue nuclei

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32
Q

when histology staining why is ripening done

A

improve stain performance

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33
Q

what is ethyl alcohol

A

fixative and dehydrating agent

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34
Q

why is dehydration important

A

removes water so clearing agents and embedding mediums can penetrate tissue

35
Q

what fixative is used for cytology

A

ethyl alcohol

36
Q

when histology staining why is bluing done

A

bring hematoxylin back to blue color

37
Q

what is carbon tetrachloride

A

clearing agent

38
Q

what is temperature of warm bath used for mounting sections

A

5-10 degrees below paraplast melting point

39
Q

what must be completed before mounting sections to slides

A

remove paraffin from section with xylene

40
Q

what is decalcification

A

method to removed bone and teeth from tissue

calcium/phosphate salts

41
Q

how do you confirm decalcification complete

A
  • through xray
  • chemical test
  • careful probing
42
Q

histology order of process

A
  1. fixation
  2. decalcification (if needed/required)
  3. dehydrating
  4. clearing
  5. embedding
  6. mounting
  7. cover slipping
43
Q

clearing agent is soluble in what

A

both alcohol and paraffin

44
Q

what is toluene

A

clearing agent

45
Q

what is xylene

A

clearing agent

46
Q

how must HIV, Hep B & C be fixed

A

fix in formalin for 24 hours to make safe

47
Q

when histology staining bluing completed by adding

A

adding alkaline reagent

48
Q

dehydration process done through what

A

increasing strengths of ethyl alcohol 70-100%

49
Q

what 6 things do we want a fixative to do/be

A
  • penetrate rapidly
  • act quickly
  • be cost effective
  • safe to use, handle and store
  • benefit staining
  • kill bacteria and viruses
50
Q

tissue samples are fixed to prevent what

A
  • autolysis
  • decay/putrefaction (killing bacteria)
  • excessive hardening
  • distortion of cells and tissues
  • cells from changing from life-like state
51
Q

what is formic acid

A

decalcifying agent

52
Q

what is fixation

A

process of cells/tissues fixed in physical and chemical state

53
Q

what does water adversely affect

A
  • staining

- embedding

54
Q

what is the melting point for paraplast

A

56-58 degrees

55
Q

what can fixative acetone cause

A

excessive hardening to tissue sample

56
Q

what is trichoracetic acid

A

decalcifying agent

57
Q

2 types of flammable clearing agents

A

ether and chloroform

58
Q

how do clearing agents work

A

removes alcohol from tissue

59
Q

what do clearing agents do to tissue

A

make tissues transparent

60
Q

what is isopropyl alcohol

A

dehydrating agent

61
Q

what tissue do you use fixative acetic acid for

A
  • bloody tissue
  • spleen
  • liver
62
Q

what does fixative acetic acid do

A

lyses RBC’s

63
Q

list all 5 decalcifying agents

A
  • nitric acid
  • trichloroacetic acid
  • formic acid
  • hydrochloric acid
  • ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
64
Q

2 types of sedative clearing agents

A

ether or chloroform

65
Q

what is nitric acid

A

decalcifying agent

66
Q

what is acetic acid

A

fixative

67
Q

microtomes section size

A

4-6uL (micrometers)

68
Q

microtomes knife type

A

steel

69
Q

microtomes specific use

A

routine tissue sectioning

70
Q

fixative used for histology

A

10% formalin

71
Q

clearing agent volume

A

50-100 times clearing agent volume to tissue volume

72
Q

minimum and maximum decalcification ratio

A

minimum 1:50

maximum 1:100

73
Q

mordant + dye is called what

A

a lake

74
Q

what is cytology

A

examination of cells looking for cancer

75
Q

how is paraformaldehyde caused

A

formaldehyde becomes turbid (cloudy) when standing too long

76
Q

list all 6 dehydrating agents

A
  • methyl alcohol
  • isopropyl alcohol
  • ethyl alcohol
  • acetone
  • pyridine
  • butyl alcohol
77
Q

what is chloroform

A

clearing agent

78
Q

what is pyridine

A

dehydrating agent

79
Q

most common fixative

A

10% formalin

80
Q

what is hydrochloric acid

A

decalcifying agent

81
Q

what is osmium tetroxide

A

fixative

82
Q

what is ether

A

clearing agent

83
Q

cytology cells must be fixed when

A

immediately and when wet

84
Q

what are sections “glued” to slide with

A
  • albumin
  • gelatin
  • glycerin

Med Lab (13 decks)

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