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Med Lab > hematology and phlebotomy test and exam > Flashcards

hematology and phlebotomy test and exam Flashcards

1
Q

what must be protected from light

A

bilirubin

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2
Q

blood gases, ammonia, catacholamines and lactic acid are tests for what department and tube color

A

STAT chemistry

green tube

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3
Q

what type of needle is used on children and elderly

A

butterfly needle

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4
Q

specimen temperature for cold agglutination test

A

body temp 37 degrees

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5
Q

where do tech’s need permission to draw blood from

A

anywhere other than antecubital fossa, hand, wrist or dermal puncture

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6
Q

venipuncture is usually performed on what veins

A

median, cephalic and basilic

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7
Q

bilirubin is present in which specimen

A

icteric specimen

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8
Q

what is present in icteric specimen

A

bilirubin

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9
Q

what causes amber color

A

bilirubin

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10
Q

free lipids color

A

cloudy/whiteish

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11
Q

protection required for free lipids

A

none

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12
Q

free lipids are found in what sample

A

lipemic

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13
Q

37 degrees is required for what test

A

cold agglutination test

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14
Q

bilirubin is what color

A

amber

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15
Q

tubes with thixotropic gel

A

gold/SST

light green/PST

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16
Q

where can techs draw blood from

A
  • ante cubital fossa
  • hand
  • wrist
  • dermal puncture
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17
Q

aerobic and anaerobic tubes are for what test

A

blood culture

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18
Q

hemoconcentration means

A

excessive interstitial fluid

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19
Q

greed tube additive

A

heparin

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20
Q

when a non-anticoagulant tube is centrifuged what are the layers

A

55% serum

45% formed elements

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21
Q

what % of RBC is hemoglobin

A

97%

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22
Q

97% of RBC’s is called

A

hemoglobin

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23
Q

what produces antibodies

A

b-Lymphocytes

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24
Q

what has no nucleus

A

RBC’s

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25
Q

hemoglobin is found in what cell

A

RBC (erythrocyte)

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26
Q

who’s main function is to carry oxygen

A

RBC

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27
Q

RBC acts as

A

buffer

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28
Q

what is 90-91.5% of blood

A

water

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29
Q

liters of blood in average adult

A

4-6 liters

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30
Q

RBC lifespan

A

120 days

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31
Q

who has 4-6L of blood

A

average adult

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32
Q

what does hemoglobin do

A

carry o2 and co2

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33
Q

total volume of RBC’s per total volume of blood is called

A

hamatocrit

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34
Q

what are fragments of a megakaryocyte

A

thrombocytes

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35
Q

what live only 120 days

A

RBC’s

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36
Q

what is the lifespan of RBC’s

A

120 days

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37
Q

RBC’s have no

A

nucleus or organelles

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38
Q

RBC’s normal pH level

A

7.35-7.45 pH

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39
Q

what are the main purposes of RBC’s

A

transport oxygen systemically

pick up co2 and take to lungs to be exhaled

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40
Q

what is a thrombus

A

stationary clot

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41
Q

what is an embolus

A

circulatory clot

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42
Q

what is a normal blood pH

A

7.35-7.45

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43
Q

how much blood does the average adult have in their body

A

4-6L

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44
Q

what is anticoagulant for in a tube

A

prevent clotting

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45
Q

when is Dr. concerned about WBC #’s

A

below 5,000uL

above 10,000uL

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46
Q

what is TPA used for

A

clot buster

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47
Q

what is vitamin K needed for

A

clotting

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48
Q

what do heparin and coumadin do

A

prevent clotting

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49
Q

final clotting factor

A

fibrin

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50
Q

what dissolves blood clots

A

TPA

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51
Q

why would patient be administered warfarin/coumadin

A

history of clot

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52
Q

explain the clotting process in steps

A
  1. damage to vessels/tissue
  2. prothrombin activated
  3. prothrombin convers to thrombin
  4. thrombin activates fibrinogen
  5. fibrinogen becomes fibrin (last clotting factor)
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53
Q

matured formed elements with no nucleus

A

RBC and platelets

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54
Q

is there more formed elements or plasma in whole blood

A

plasma

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55
Q

sickle cell anemis is which anemia

A

hemolytic anemia

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56
Q

what chemically attacks antigens

A

T-lymphocytes

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57
Q

non-anticoagulated tube produces

A

serum

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58
Q

vitamin deficiency is which anemia

A

pernicious anemia

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59
Q

hemoragic means what

A

blood loss

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60
Q

chlorhexidine not used on who

A

neonates

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61
Q

what vitamin is needed for clotting

A

vitamin K

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62
Q

calcium is an ion needed for

A

clotting

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63
Q

clotting process steps

A

prothrombin activator to
thrombin to
fibrinogen to
fibrin

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64
Q

what is the name for normal hemoglobin content

A

normochromic

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65
Q

microcytic

A

small cell shape

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66
Q

what does microcytic mean

A

small cell

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67
Q

normal color

A

normochromic

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68
Q

when monocyte moves into tissue, it is called

A

macrophage

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69
Q

excessive interstitial fluid called

A

hemoconcentration

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70
Q

hemolysis

A

ruptured cells

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71
Q

how many lymphocytes in body when healthy

A

+/- 30%

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72
Q

hypochromic

A

less color

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73
Q

what medication prevents clotting

A

heparin/coumadin

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74
Q

what do all cells start as

A

hemocytoblasts

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75
Q

what is the most abundant plasma protein

A

albumin

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76
Q

of RBC per microliter

A

4-6 million

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77
Q

what is the name for low hemoglobin content

A

hypochromic

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78
Q

lipemic sample contains what

A

free lipids

79
Q

chemical/radiation anemia

A

aplastic anemia

80
Q

what is cloudy/whitish in color

A

free lipids

81
Q

ruptured cells called

A

hemolysis

82
Q

when monocytes move into tissue, they become what

A

macrophages

83
Q

macrocytic

A

big cell shape

84
Q

what can aspirin cause

A

thrombocytopenia

85
Q

normocytic

A

normal cell shape

86
Q

what does macrocytic mean

A

large cell

87
Q

what type of cells are formed elements

A

mature cells

88
Q

how is manual hemoglobin test performed

A

drops in copper sulfate

89
Q

hyperchromic

A

excessive color

90
Q

active ingredient in drabkin’s

A

cyanide

91
Q

thalassemia is which anemia

A

hemolytic anemia

92
Q

anticoagulant tube layers

A

55% plasma
buffy coat
45% formed elements

93
Q

what are immature RBC’s with reticulum

A

reticulocytes

94
Q

what do all cells start from

A

hemocytoblasts

95
Q

what is the name for high hemoglobin content

A

hyperchromic

96
Q

what does normocytic mean

A

normal RBC shape

97
Q

reticulocytes are red cells that are what

A

immature

98
Q

what is hemorrhagic anemia

A

acute or chronic loss of blood

99
Q

FDP

A

fibrinogen Degredation product

100
Q

type A blood has what antigens and antibodies

A

A antigens

B antibodies

101
Q

a=most abundant protein found in plasma

A

albumin

102
Q

how do you treat iron deficiency anemia

A

oral supplements or injections

103
Q

why does pernicious anemia happen

A

body lacks INTRINSIC factor deeded to absorb vitamin B12

104
Q

how is pernicious anemia treated

A

vitamin B12 injections

105
Q

PT

A

prothrombin time

106
Q

thrombocytes have no

A

nucleus (not a true cell)

107
Q

what does oxyhemoglobin mean

A

oxygen attached to iron molecule

108
Q

clotting disorder primarily affecting males

A

hemophilia

109
Q

thrombocytes are fragments of

A

megakaryocyte (immature cell)

110
Q

lifespan of person with major Thalassemia

A

early 20’s

111
Q

what effect will partially filled light blue tube have on prothrombin time result

A

slowed clotting time

112
Q

what is a transfusion reaction

A

rejection of incompatible blood transfusion

113
Q

explain hemolytic disease prevention

A

mother receives RHOGAM injection after 1st born and before next babies are born

114
Q

3 examples of toxins and venoms

A

rattle snake, cobra, brown recluse spider

115
Q

people with sickle cell are protected from what and why

A

malaria

malaria only attacks healthy RBC’s

116
Q

what virus does infectious mononucleosis result from

A

Epstein-Barr virus

117
Q

what happens during hemolytic disease

A

mom’s Rh antibodies cross placenta, find fetus’ RBC’s foreign and destroy them

118
Q

WBC count considered leukopenia

A

below 5,000uL

119
Q

WBC count considered leukocytosis

A

over 10,000uL

120
Q

what is ESR done for

A

inflammatory disorders

121
Q

list all formed elements

A

RBC, WBC, platelets

122
Q

normal cell shape

A

normocytic

123
Q

how is chronic lymphocytic leukemia detected

A

usually by accident during routine physical

124
Q

how long does Canada Blood Services keep blood

A

42 days

125
Q

what does monocyte become when it moves into tissue

A

macrophage

126
Q

what is fibrin made of

A

sticky fibers (threads) like spiderweb

127
Q

what does iron deficiency anemia mean

A

impaired absorption of iron

lack of iron in diet

128
Q

what is attached to each heme and how does it attach

A
  • iron molecule attached to each heme

- oxygen is attracted to iron and binds with it

129
Q

RBC’s shape probides what

A

more surface area for more transfer or o2 and co2

130
Q

what does polycythemia cause

A

blood to thicken

131
Q

what is anemia

A

reduced oxygen carrying ability due to decreased RBC’s or lowered hemoglobin

132
Q

7 signs of anemia

A 
fatigue
paleness
shortness of breath
chills
headache
increased pulse
increased respiration
133
Q

copper sulfate is used for what test

A

hemoglobin

134
Q

where is hormone erythropoietin produced

A

kidneys

135
Q

what is result of sickle cell

A

reduced oxygen carrying ability

136
Q

what is the average onset for patients with Acute Myeloid Lukemia (AML)

A

attacks all ages

137
Q

once normoblast ejects nucleus and organelles it becomes what

A

reticulocyte

138
Q

what is hemolytic anemia

A

RBC’s being destroyed or abnormal from birth

139
Q

what happens to RBC’s with hemolytic anemia

A

RBC numbers or lifespan is decreased

140
Q

of erythrocytes in body

A

4-6 million uL

141
Q

purpose of ertythrocyte

A

transport blood gases (o2 and co2)

142
Q

how is a hemoglobin constructed

A

1 globin
4 globin chains
4 hemes

143
Q

what does olyhemoglobin mean

A

oxygen is attached to iron

144
Q

hemoconcentration can give false positive for what test

A

potassium

CBC

145
Q

leuko-tic is used for what test

A

leukocyte count

146
Q

how do RBC’s get their color

A

hemoglobin (red protein)

147
Q

what % of children with Leukemia have acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)

A

80%

148
Q

what % of children with acute lymphocytic leukemia go into remission

A

95%

149
Q

2 factors that cause thin blood smear

A

small drop and low angle

150
Q

what is copper sulfate used to determine

A

hemoglobin content

151
Q

component of erythrocyte allows o2 and co2 transportation

A

hemoglobin

152
Q

what tests are included in CBC

A

RBC, WBC and platelet count
WBC differential
hemoglobin
hematocrit

153
Q

what is Thalassemia

A

faulty globin chain within hemoglobin

154
Q

2 forms of thalassemia explain both

A

minor - 1 gene

major - 2 genes

155
Q

people with thalassemia are protected from what and why

A

malaria

malaria only attacks healthy RBC’s

156
Q

acute myeloid leukemia (AML) accounts for what %’s of people

A

80% of adults20% of children

157
Q

how does co2 and o2 travel

A

gas attaches to iron

158
Q

why is reticulocyte stain method considered to be supravital stain

A

fresh blood

159
Q

what plays a vital role in clotting

A

thrombocytes (platelets)

160
Q

what is WBC differential done for

A

detect types of infections

161
Q

which type of cancer/leukemia affects granulocytes or monocytes

A

myeloid cancer

162
Q

what % is normal reticulocyte for adults

A

0.5-3%

163
Q

MCV may be indicator of what

A

erythrocyte size

164
Q

what is measurement on hemocytometer grid

A

3mm x 3mm

165
Q

what type of cancer affects lymphocytes

A

lymphoid cancer

166
Q

most common leukemia in children

A

acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)

167
Q

WBC’s above normal range indicates

A

infection

168
Q

myeloid cancer usually occurs from what age group

A

65 and older

169
Q

what are malignancies

A

cancers

170
Q

what is hemoglobin

A

part of RBC that carries respiratory gases

171
Q

increase in RBC’s is called

A

polycytehmia

172
Q

causes of leukopenia

A 
malfunction of bone marrow
immunodeficiency disease (HIV)
173
Q

what cell are platelets derived from

A

megakaryocyte

174
Q

how does fibrin work

A

sticky fibers catch passing cells, cells build up and eventually create clot

175
Q

what is sickle cell

A

defective gene causes shape change to hemoglobin (makes banana shape)

176
Q

2 ways to treat thalassemia

A

chronic blood transfusions

bone marrow transplant

177
Q

2 infectious agents that destroy RBC’s

A

malaria

toxigenic bacteria

178
Q

what is prognosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

A

best prognosis

179
Q

infectious mononucleosis is most evident at what age

A

15-25 years old

180
Q

how is infectious mononucleosis transmitted

A

saliva

droplets

181
Q

5 symptoms of infectious mononucleosis

A 
fever
rash
sore throat
enlarged lymph nodes
severe fatigue
182
Q

chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) average onset

A

age 65

183
Q

4 types of leukemias

A
  • chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
  • acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
  • chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
  • acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
184
Q

what is factor VIII

A

one of 13 factors that form a clot

185
Q

what is the % of remission for people with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)

A

70% remission

186
Q

what is leukocytosis due to

A
  • bacterial infection
  • cancer
  • autoimmune disorders
  • leukemia
  • allergic reactions
  • reaction to medications
187
Q

lymphoid cancer results from what being affected

A

B andT lymphocytes being affected

188
Q

what is the % of remission for people with acute myeloid leukemia (AML)

A

poor prognosis
50% of children
30% of adults

189
Q

myeloid cancer results from what being affected

A

granulocytes being affected

190
Q

what is chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

A

increase in B-lymphocytes

191
Q

what does your body produce with autoimmune disorders

A

produces antibodies against its own RBC’s and destroys them

192
Q

what length of time does acute infectious mononucleosis last

A

6-8 weeks

193
Q

how is infectious mononucleosis treated

A

no antiviral medication treat symptoms only

Med Lab (13 decks)

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