hematology and phlebotomy test and exam Flashcards
1
Q
what must be protected from light
A
bilirubin
2
Q
blood gases, ammonia, catacholamines and lactic acid are tests for what department and tube color
A
STAT chemistry
green tube
3
Q
what type of needle is used on children and elderly
A
butterfly needle
4
Q
specimen temperature for cold agglutination test
A
body temp 37 degrees
5
Q
where do tech’s need permission to draw blood from
A
anywhere other than antecubital fossa, hand, wrist or dermal puncture
6
Q
venipuncture is usually performed on what veins
A
median, cephalic and basilic
7
Q
bilirubin is present in which specimen
A
icteric specimen
8
Q
what is present in icteric specimen
A
bilirubin
9
Q
what causes amber color
A
bilirubin
10
Q
free lipids color
A
cloudy/whiteish
11
Q
protection required for free lipids
A
none
12
Q
free lipids are found in what sample
A
lipemic
13
Q
37 degrees is required for what test
A
cold agglutination test
14
Q
bilirubin is what color
A
amber
15
Q
tubes with thixotropic gel
A
gold/SST
light green/PST
16
Q
where can techs draw blood from
A
- ante cubital fossa
- hand
- wrist
- dermal puncture
17
Q
aerobic and anaerobic tubes are for what test
A
blood culture
18
Q
hemoconcentration means
A
excessive interstitial fluid
19
Q
greed tube additive
A
heparin
20
Q
when a non-anticoagulant tube is centrifuged what are the layers
A
55% serum
45% formed elements
21
Q
what % of RBC is hemoglobin
A
97%
22
Q
97% of RBC’s is called
A
hemoglobin
23
Q
what produces antibodies
A
b-Lymphocytes
24
Q
what has no nucleus
A
RBC’s
25
hemoglobin is found in what cell
RBC (erythrocyte)
26
who's main function is to carry oxygen
RBC
27
RBC acts as
buffer
28
what is 90-91.5% of blood
water
29
liters of blood in average adult
4-6 liters
30
RBC lifespan
120 days
31
who has 4-6L of blood
average adult
32
what does hemoglobin do
carry o2 and co2
33
total volume of RBC's per total volume of blood is called
hamatocrit
34
what are fragments of a megakaryocyte
thrombocytes
35
what live only 120 days
RBC's
36
what is the lifespan of RBC's
120 days
37
RBC's have no
nucleus or organelles
38
RBC's normal pH level
7.35-7.45 pH
39
what are the main purposes of RBC's
transport oxygen systemically
| pick up co2 and take to lungs to be exhaled
40
what is a thrombus
stationary clot
41
what is an embolus
circulatory clot
42
what is a normal blood pH
7.35-7.45
43
how much blood does the average adult have in their body
4-6L
44
what is anticoagulant for in a tube
prevent clotting
45
when is Dr. concerned about WBC #'s
below 5,000uL
| above 10,000uL
46
what is TPA used for
clot buster
47
what is vitamin K needed for
clotting
48
what do heparin and coumadin do
prevent clotting
49
final clotting factor
fibrin
50
what dissolves blood clots
TPA
51
why would patient be administered warfarin/coumadin
history of clot
52
explain the clotting process in steps
1. damage to vessels/tissue
2. prothrombin activated
3. prothrombin convers to thrombin
4. thrombin activates fibrinogen
5. fibrinogen becomes fibrin (last clotting factor)
53
matured formed elements with no nucleus
RBC and platelets
54
is there more formed elements or plasma in whole blood
plasma
55
sickle cell anemis is which anemia
hemolytic anemia
56
what chemically attacks antigens
T-lymphocytes
57
non-anticoagulated tube produces
serum
58
vitamin deficiency is which anemia
pernicious anemia
59
hemoragic means what
blood loss
60
chlorhexidine not used on who
neonates
61
what vitamin is needed for clotting
vitamin K
62
calcium is an ion needed for
clotting
63
clotting process steps
prothrombin activator to
thrombin to
fibrinogen to
fibrin
64
what is the name for normal hemoglobin content
normochromic
65
microcytic
small cell shape
66
what does microcytic mean
small cell
67
normal color
normochromic
68
when monocyte moves into tissue, it is called
macrophage
69
excessive interstitial fluid called
hemoconcentration
70
hemolysis
ruptured cells
71
how many lymphocytes in body when healthy
+/- 30%
72
hypochromic
less color
73
what medication prevents clotting
heparin/coumadin
74
what do all cells start as
hemocytoblasts
75
what is the most abundant plasma protein
albumin
76
of RBC per microliter
4-6 million
77
what is the name for low hemoglobin content
hypochromic
78
lipemic sample contains what
free lipids
79
chemical/radiation anemia
aplastic anemia
80
what is cloudy/whitish in color
free lipids
81
ruptured cells called
hemolysis
82
when monocytes move into tissue, they become what
macrophages
83
macrocytic
big cell shape
84
what can aspirin cause
thrombocytopenia
85
normocytic
normal cell shape
86
what does macrocytic mean
large cell
87
what type of cells are formed elements
mature cells
88
how is manual hemoglobin test performed
drops in copper sulfate
89
hyperchromic
excessive color
90
active ingredient in drabkin's
cyanide
91
thalassemia is which anemia
hemolytic anemia
92
anticoagulant tube layers
55% plasma
buffy coat
45% formed elements
93
what are immature RBC's with reticulum
reticulocytes
94
what do all cells start from
hemocytoblasts
95
what is the name for high hemoglobin content
hyperchromic
96
what does normocytic mean
normal RBC shape
97
reticulocytes are red cells that are what
immature
98
what is hemorrhagic anemia
acute or chronic loss of blood
99
FDP
fibrinogen Degredation product
100
type A blood has what antigens and antibodies
A antigens
| B antibodies
101
a=most abundant protein found in plasma
albumin
102
how do you treat iron deficiency anemia
oral supplements or injections
103
why does pernicious anemia happen
body lacks INTRINSIC factor deeded to absorb vitamin B12
104
how is pernicious anemia treated
vitamin B12 injections
105
PT
prothrombin time
106
thrombocytes have no
nucleus (not a true cell)
107
what does oxyhemoglobin mean
oxygen attached to iron molecule
108
clotting disorder primarily affecting males
hemophilia
109
thrombocytes are fragments of
megakaryocyte (immature cell)
110
lifespan of person with major Thalassemia
early 20's
111
what effect will partially filled light blue tube have on prothrombin time result
slowed clotting time
112
what is a transfusion reaction
rejection of incompatible blood transfusion
113
explain hemolytic disease prevention
mother receives RHOGAM injection after 1st born and before next babies are born
114
3 examples of toxins and venoms
rattle snake, cobra, brown recluse spider
115
people with sickle cell are protected from what and why
malaria
| malaria only attacks healthy RBC's
116
what virus does infectious mononucleosis result from
Epstein-Barr virus
117
what happens during hemolytic disease
mom's Rh antibodies cross placenta, find fetus' RBC's foreign and destroy them
118
WBC count considered leukopenia
below 5,000uL
119
WBC count considered leukocytosis
over 10,000uL
120
what is ESR done for
inflammatory disorders
121
list all formed elements
RBC, WBC, platelets
122
normal cell shape
normocytic
123
how is chronic lymphocytic leukemia detected
usually by accident during routine physical
124
how long does Canada Blood Services keep blood
42 days
125
what does monocyte become when it moves into tissue
macrophage
126
what is fibrin made of
sticky fibers (threads) like spiderweb
127
what does iron deficiency anemia mean
impaired absorption of iron
| lack of iron in diet
128
what is attached to each heme and how does it attach
- iron molecule attached to each heme
| - oxygen is attracted to iron and binds with it
129
RBC's shape probides what
more surface area for more transfer or o2 and co2
130
what does polycythemia cause
blood to thicken
131
what is anemia
reduced oxygen carrying ability due to decreased RBC's or lowered hemoglobin
132
7 signs of anemia
```
fatigue
paleness
shortness of breath
chills
headache
increased pulse
increased respiration
```
133
copper sulfate is used for what test
hemoglobin
134
where is hormone erythropoietin produced
kidneys
135
what is result of sickle cell
reduced oxygen carrying ability
136
what is the average onset for patients with Acute Myeloid Lukemia (AML)
attacks all ages
137
once normoblast ejects nucleus and organelles it becomes what
reticulocyte
138
what is hemolytic anemia
RBC's being destroyed or abnormal from birth
139
what happens to RBC's with hemolytic anemia
RBC numbers or lifespan is decreased
140
of erythrocytes in body
4-6 million uL
141
purpose of ertythrocyte
transport blood gases (o2 and co2)
142
how is a hemoglobin constructed
1 globin
4 globin chains
4 hemes
143
what does olyhemoglobin mean
oxygen is attached to iron
144
hemoconcentration can give false positive for what test
potassium
| CBC
145
leuko-tic is used for what test
leukocyte count
146
how do RBC's get their color
hemoglobin (red protein)
147
what % of children with Leukemia have acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
80%
148
what % of children with acute lymphocytic leukemia go into remission
95%
149
2 factors that cause thin blood smear
small drop and low angle
150
what is copper sulfate used to determine
hemoglobin content
151
component of erythrocyte allows o2 and co2 transportation
hemoglobin
152
what tests are included in CBC
RBC, WBC and platelet count
WBC differential
hemoglobin
hematocrit
153
what is Thalassemia
faulty globin chain within hemoglobin
154
2 forms of thalassemia explain both
minor - 1 gene
| major - 2 genes
155
people with thalassemia are protected from what and why
malaria
| malaria only attacks healthy RBC's
156
acute myeloid leukemia (AML) accounts for what %'s of people
80% of adults20% of children
157
how does co2 and o2 travel
gas attaches to iron
158
why is reticulocyte stain method considered to be supravital stain
fresh blood
159
what plays a vital role in clotting
thrombocytes (platelets)
160
what is WBC differential done for
detect types of infections
161
which type of cancer/leukemia affects granulocytes or monocytes
myeloid cancer
162
what % is normal reticulocyte for adults
0.5-3%
163
MCV may be indicator of what
erythrocyte size
164
what is measurement on hemocytometer grid
3mm x 3mm
165
what type of cancer affects lymphocytes
lymphoid cancer
166
most common leukemia in children
acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
167
WBC's above normal range indicates
infection
168
myeloid cancer usually occurs from what age group
65 and older
169
what are malignancies
cancers
170
what is hemoglobin
part of RBC that carries respiratory gases
171
increase in RBC's is called
polycytehmia
172
causes of leukopenia
```
malfunction of bone marrow
immunodeficiency disease (HIV)
```
173
what cell are platelets derived from
megakaryocyte
174
how does fibrin work
sticky fibers catch passing cells, cells build up and eventually create clot
175
what is sickle cell
defective gene causes shape change to hemoglobin (makes banana shape)
176
2 ways to treat thalassemia
chronic blood transfusions
| bone marrow transplant
177
2 infectious agents that destroy RBC's
malaria
| toxigenic bacteria
178
what is prognosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
best prognosis
179
infectious mononucleosis is most evident at what age
15-25 years old
180
how is infectious mononucleosis transmitted
saliva
| droplets
181
5 symptoms of infectious mononucleosis
```
fever
rash
sore throat
enlarged lymph nodes
severe fatigue
```
182
chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) average onset
age 65
183
4 types of leukemias
- chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
- acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
- chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
- acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
184
what is factor VIII
one of 13 factors that form a clot
185
what is the % of remission for people with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
70% remission
186
what is leukocytosis due to
- bacterial infection
- cancer
- autoimmune disorders
- leukemia
- allergic reactions
- reaction to medications
187
lymphoid cancer results from what being affected
B andT lymphocytes being affected
188
what is the % of remission for people with acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
poor prognosis
50% of children
30% of adults
189
myeloid cancer results from what being affected
granulocytes being affected
190
what is chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
increase in B-lymphocytes
191
what does your body produce with autoimmune disorders
produces antibodies against its own RBC's and destroys them
192
what length of time does acute infectious mononucleosis last
6-8 weeks
193
how is infectious mononucleosis treated
no antiviral medication treat symptoms only
