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Maddy - First Aid > Random > Flashcards

Random Flashcards

1
Q

how to calculate anion gap

what is normal range for anion gap

A

Na - (Cl + HCO3)

8-12 is normal

> 12 (high anion gap)

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2
Q

causes of high anion gap metabolic acidosis

A 
M: methanol
U: uremia
D: DKA
P: propylene glycol
I: iron tablets or INH
L: lactic acidosis
E: ethylene glycol
S: salicylates (aspirin)
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3
Q

causes of normal anion gap metabolic acidosis

A 
H: hyperchloremia
A: Addison disease
R: renal tubular acidosis
D: diarrhea
A: acetazolamide
S: spironolactone
S: saline infusion
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4
Q

what is distal renal tubular acidosis type 1

A

inability of alpha-intercalated cells to secrete H+ –> no new HCO3- is generated –> metabolic acidosis

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5
Q

what is proximal renal tubular acidosis type 2

A

defect in PCT HCO3- reabsorption –> increased excretion of HCO3- in the urine –> metabolic acidosis

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6
Q

what is hyperkalemic tubular acidosis (type 4)

A

hypoaldosteronism or aldosterone resistance –> hyperkalemia –> decreased NH3 synthesis in PCT –> decreased NH4+ excretion –> metabolic acidosis

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7
Q

what acid base disturbance can amphotericin B cause

A

distal renal tubular acidosis type 1

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8
Q

RBC casts in urine indicates

A

glomerulonephritis, hypertensive emergency

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9
Q

WBC casts in urine indicates

A

tubulointerstitial inflammation

acute pyelonephritis

transplant rejection

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10
Q

granular casts in urine indicates

A

acute tubular necrosis (can be “muddy brown”)

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11
Q

fatty casts in urine indicates

A

nephrotic syndrome (associated with “Maltese cross” sign)

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12
Q

waxy casts in urine indicates

A

end stage renal disease/chronic kidney disease

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13
Q

1st aortic arch derivative

A

part of maxillary artery

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14
Q

2nd aortic arch derivative

A

stapedial artery and hyoid artery

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15
Q

3rd aortic arch derivative

A

common carotid artery and proximal part of internal carotid artery

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16
Q

4th aortic arch derivative

A

left: aortic arch
right: proximal part of right subclavian artery

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17
Q

6th aortic arch derivative

A

proximal part of pulmonary arteries and on LEFT ONLY: ductus arteriosus

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18
Q

1st pharyngeal cleft derivative

A

external auditory meatus

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19
Q

1st pharyngeal arch derivatives

A 
Cartilage: 
Maxillary process (Maxilla, zygoMatic bone), Mandibular process (Meckel cartilage, Mandible), Malleus and incus, sphenoMandibular ligament

Muscle:
Muscles of Mastication (temporalis, Masseter, lateral and Medial pterygoids, Mylohyoid, anterior 2/3 tongue)

Nerves:
V3

20
Q

2nd pharyngeal arch derivatives

A

Cartilage:
Stapes, Styloid process, leSSer horn of hyoid, Stylohyoid ligament

Muscles:
muscles of facial expression, Stapedius, Stylohyoid, platySma

Nerves:
VII (Smile)

21
Q

3rd pharyngeal arch derivatives

A

Cartilage:
greater horn of hyoid

Muscles:
stylopharyngeus

Nerves:
IX

22
Q

4th and 6th pharyngeal arch derivatives

A

Cartilage:
Arytenoids, cricoid, Corniculate, Cuneiform, Thyroid

Muscles:
4th - pharyngeal constrictors, cricothyroid, elevator veil palatini
6th - all intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid

Nerves:
4th - X (superior laryngeal branch)
6th - X (recurrent/inferior laryngeal branch)

23
Q

1st pharyngeal pouch derivatives

A

middle ear cavity, Eustachian tube, mastoid air cells

24
Q

2nd pharyngeal pouch derivates

A

epithelial lining of palatine tonsil

25
Q

3rd pharyngeal pouch derivates

A

inferior parathyroids and thymus

26
Q

4th pharyngeal pouch derivates

A

superior parathyroids and parafollicular C cells of thyroid

27
Q

describe causes of cleft lip and cleft palate

A

cleft lip: failure of fusion of maxillary and merged medial nasal processes

cleft palate: failure of fusion of two lateral palatine shelves OR failure of fusion of lateral palatine shelf with nasal septum

28
Q

pathology of primary sclerosing cholangitis

A

unknown cause of concentric “onion skin” bile duct fibrosis –> alternating strictures and dilation with “beading” of intra- and extra-hepatic bile ducts on ERCP

29
Q

demographic for primary sclerosing cholangitis

A

middle aged men with ulcerative colitis

30
Q

markers/associations in primary sclerosing cholangitis

A

p-ANCA

increased IgM

31
Q

pathology of primary biliary cholangitis

A

autoimmune reaction –> lymphocytic infiltrate +/- granulomas –> destruction of lobular bile ducts

32
Q

demographic primary biliary cholangitis

A

middle aged woman

33
Q

markers/associations for primary biliary cholangitis

A

anti-mitochondrial antibody

increased IgM

associated with other autoimmune diseases

34
Q

pathology of secondary biliary cirrhosis

A

extra hepatic biliary obstruction –> increases pressure in intrahepatic ducts –> injury/fibrosis and bile stasis

35
Q

demographic secondary biliary cirrhosis

A

patients with known obstructive lesions (gallstones, biliary strictures, pancreatic CA)

36
Q

what forms from the fetal cardinal veins

A

systemic venous circulation (SVC)

37
Q

do osteoblasts express alk phos

A

yep

38
Q

cause of Dublin Johnson syndrome

A

defective hepatic excretion of bilirubin glucuronides due to mutation in canalicular membrane transport protein

39
Q

symptoms of rabies

A

severe, painful throat spasms when eating or drinking

mydriasis and neck rigidity

acting strangely with hallucinations

excessive drooling

40
Q

what is the BMI cutoff for anorexia

A

17.5

41
Q

what antibodies are associated with polymyositis

A

anti-Jo-1 (anti-histidyl-tRNA synthetase)

anti-SRP

anti-Mi-2 (anti-helicase)

42
Q

how does prostacyclin affect platelet aggregation

A

inhibits platelet aggregation and adhesion to the vascular endothelium

43
Q

what are the steps of base excision repair

A

glycosylase –> endonuclease –> lyase –> polymerase –> ligase

44
Q

what cytokine is related to giant cell arteritis

A

IL-6

45
Q

what is found in the stool in a strongyloides stercoralis infection

A

rhabditiform larvae

46
Q

compare symptoms of immediate and acute hemolytic transfusion reactions

A

immediate: anaphylaxis, IgE-mediated
acute: urine becomes brown, antibody-mediated (type II HSR)

47
Q

what genetic expression is associated with mitochondrial disorders

A

heteroplasmy

Maddy - First Aid (23 decks)

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