Radiology

Question 1

Angiography

Answer 1

vessel imaging

Question 2

Arteriography

Answer 2

artery imaging

Question 3

Venography

Answer 3

vein imaging

Question 4

What type of waves are most damaging

Answer 4

high freq

short wavelength

Question 5

Describe X-ray tube function

Answer 5

Cathode is source of electrons
Bombard tungsten on anode
Bombarding e slowed in the target, yielding bremsstrahlung (breaking) radiation
Bombarding e may eject an inner shell within the target material (vacancy is filled by outer shell electrons within the target –> the discrete energy difference is emitted as characteristic radiation

Question 6

Bremsstrahlung radiation

Answer 6

“breaking”

produced by the deceleration of a charged particle when deflected by another charged particle

Question 7

Characteristic radiaiton

Answer 7

Discrete amount of predictable energy

When element is bombarded with e, the target e is ejected from the inner shell of the atom

Question 8

Ways x-rays interact with matter

Answer 8

penetration
absorption
scatter

Question 9

Film blackening

Answer 9

the more readily x-ray photons reach the film, the more the film is blackened (air)

Question 10

X-ray black-white spectrum

Answer 10

gas, fat, water, soft tissue, bone, metal

Question 11

Lucency

Answer 11

black

Question 12

Opacity

Answer 12

white

Question 13

Contrast

Answer 13

ability to differentiate tissue differences on a film

Question 14

Contrast agents

Types?

Answer 14

substances administered to enhance the body’s inherent contrast differences
oral, PO
rectal, PR
Intravenous, IV
Intra-arterial, intral-articular, intra-thecal

Question 15

Advantages and disadvantages of radiologic procedures

Answer 15

Advantages:
cost-effective
useful starting point

Disadvantages
exposure to ioninzing radiation
limited assessment of soft tissue detail

Question 16

MRI

Answer 16

magnetic field
radiofrequency pulse
observe generated signal (as magnetization vector returns to equil)
Diff tissues generate diff signals

Question 17

Advantages and disadvantages of MRI

Answer 17

Advantages
soft tissue characterization
multiplanar imaging
non-invasive vascular imaging (don't have to inject contrast, but can)
No ionizing radiation

Disadvantages
cost
cannot be used in pts with pacemakers, neurostimulators, and unapproved metallic devices

Question 18

Nuclear medicine imaging

Answer 18

FUNCTIONAL
gamma cameras detect gamma radiation emanating from pt
emitted radiation produces light through the use of scintillation crystals
light is detected/localized, creating an image
administered radioactivity localizes to particular tissues, depending on the radiopharmaceutical

Question 19

Bone imaging –> nuclear imaging depends on…

Answer 19

blood flow
osteoblastic activity
rate of bone turnover
effects of metabolic stress on bone

Question 20

Advantages and disadvantages of nuclear medicine imaging

Answer 20

Advantages:
functional assessment
high sensitivity for detecting abnormalities

Disadvantages:
limited anatomical detal
lower specificity for delineating abnormalities (see extra activity, but don’t know what the activity is)
Exposure to ionizing radiation

Question 21

Arthrography

Answer 21

joint imaging