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HDS > Mod 1: Anatomy > Flashcards

Mod 1: Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Kyphosis

A

primary curvature

thoracic and sacral

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2
Q

Lordosis

A

secondary curvature

cervical and lumbar

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3
Q

Where does sc end in adult?

A

L2

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4
Q

What spinal cord segments correspond to…

cervical and lumbar enlargements?

A

Cervical: C4-T1
Lumbar: L2-S3

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5
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

How many at each level?

A 
31 total
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
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6
Q

Epidural sac contains

A

fat and veins – post vertebral venous plexus (outside the dura mater)

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7
Q

Clincal significance of vertebral venous plexuses

A

valveless, so blood can flow sup or inf depending on BP gradients
serve as routes for metastasis of cancer from pelvis –> vertebrae, vert canal, cranial cavity

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8
Q

Where do lumbar punctures occur?

A

below conus medullaris

no possibility of piercing spinal cord

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9
Q

Functions of upper and lower limbs

A

Upper: mobility and manipulation (not wt bearing)
–sternoclavicular joint is only attachment (ant)
Lower: stability and locomotion (wt bearing)
–pelvic girdle connects to ant skeleton ant (vert column) and post (sacrum)

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10
Q

Similarities of upper and lower limb

A

segmented
connected to axial skeleton via girdles
developmental homologies (similar development)
dermatomes
fascial compartments that ensheathe limbs and subdivide them into muscular compartments

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11
Q

Homologous elements in upper and lower limbs

A 
scapula -- hip
humerus -- femur
RADIUS -- TIBIA
ULNA -- FIBULA
carpals -- tarsals
metacarpals -- metatarsals
phalanges -- phalanges
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12
Q

Developmental rotations of upper and lower limbs

A

Week 5
–upper and lower limbs protrude from body wall and face laterally (upper first, lower second)
Week 6
–upper and lower bend at elbow and knee (palms and soles face trunk)
Week 7
–elbows rotate caudally to face post
–knees rotate cranially to face ant

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13
Q

What joint connects upper limb to axial skeleton?

A

sternoclavicular

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14
Q

Mvmts of forearm bones vs leg bones

A

Radius and ulna: pronate and supinate

leg bones: fixed

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15
Q

Supination vs pronation

A

supine: palm up
pronate: palm down

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16
Q

Functions of clavicle

A

suspend scapula and upper extremity from axial skeleton
protect large nerve trunks and vessels passing from neck to axilla
transmit sudden impacts from upper extremity to axial skeleton

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17
Q

Scapula located over what ribs?

A

T2-T7

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18
Q

Fossae of scapula

Ant or post?

A

Ant: subscapular
Post: supraspinous and infraspinous

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19
Q

Why use CT scan for trauma of shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, and skull?

A

scapula difficult to interpret on film

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20
Q

Most frequent bone broken in newborns?
How frequent in kids, adults?
Why?

A

Clavicle
Kids: 7% (top 5)
adults: 3% (top 10)
Why:
small, strut-like
only bone connecting upper limb to axial skeleton
first bone to ossify (5th week) – more mineralization so more stiff

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21
Q

How do Clavicular fractures present?

Why do they occur in middle of bone?

A
  1. medial segment of clavicle sup
  2. upper limb depressed, adducted, medially rotated (sagging shoulder)
    Middle of bone b/c ends anchored by strong ligaments
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22
Q

Are medial or lateral rotators larger?

A

medial are larger

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23
Q

Joint that is only connection b/w axial skeleton and upper limb

A

sternoclavicular

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24
Q

Sternoclavicular articular surfaces covered in…
Acromioclavicular…
Tough or loose?

A

Sternoclavicular: fibrocartilage and intra-articular disc
–tough
Acromioclavicular: fibrocartilage
–loose

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25
Glenoid labrum
fibrocartilaginous rim attached around the margin of the glenoid cavity deepens glenoid fossa
26
Capsule of glenohumeral joint pierced by what tendon?
long head of biceps
27
what forms a protective structure limiting sup displacement in glenohumeral joint
coracoacromial arch
28
Shoulder separation vs dislocation | joint involved, cause, presentation
Separation --dislocation of acromioclavicular joint --direct, forceful impact on shoulder or fall on outstretched arm --prominence on shoulder (clavicle extends above acromion) Dislocation --dislocation of glenohumeral joint --lat rotation of humerus --humerus dislocated ant to make intact AC joint more prominent
29
What muscle forms medial wall of axilla?
serratus ant
30
What are the scapular arterial anastamoses?
Dorsal scapular (from thyrocervical trunk) Suprascapular (from subclavian) Circumflex scapular (from subscapular) Intercostal (from thoracic aorta)
31
Brachial plexus arises from what roots?
VENTRAL rami of C5-T1
32
If brachial plexus starts at C4 or ends at T2, what are these called?
Prefixed or postfixed
33
Ventral roots carry what kind of nerve? | Dorsal roots?
Ventral: motor Dorsal: sensory come together to form mixed spinal nerve --> dorsal and ventral rami (ventral rami are brachial plexus)
34
What part of the brachial plexus passes under the clavicle? What parts are supraclavicular? Infraclavicular?
divisions supra: roots and trunks infra: cords and terminal branches
35
Anterior divisions innnervate...
Flexors (ant compartment of fore limb)
36
Posterior divisions innervate
Extensors (post compartment of fore limb)
37
Cords are named based on their relationship to what structure?
axillary a | lateral, post, medial cords
38
Which is more lateral in the body? | Med or lat pec nerve?
Medial pec nerve is more lateral than lateral pec nerve (flipped b/c named according to origin)
39
``` Musculocutaneous innervates Axillary Radial Median Ulnar ```
``` Musculocutaneous: ant compartment of arm Axillary: deltoid and teres minor Radial: post compartments of arm and forearm Median: ant compartment of forearm Ulnar: ant compartment of forearm ```
40
Dermatomes for thumb and fingers
Thumb: C6 index and middle: C7 ring and pinky: C8
41
Upper brachial plexus injury | Lower
Upper: Erb-Duchenne palsy (waiter's tip hand) Lower: Klumpke paralysis
42
Path of long head of triceps brachii in axillary region
passes ant to teres major passes post to teres minor medial to axillary n and post to circumflex humoral a
43
Retromammary space
space behind breast and in front of pec major
44
What lymph vessels run with great saphenous v? | Small spahenous v?
Great: sup inguinal nodes, deep inguinal nodes, or external iliac nodes Small: popliteal nodes, deep lymph vessels
45
Cloquet's node
most sup of the deep inguinal nodes or most inf of the ext iliac nodes (sampled to test for metastasis of cancer from lower limb to more proximal regions)
46
What hip bone do these attach to? Gluteal Post compartment of thigh Med compartment of thing
Gluteal: ilium Post compartment of thing: ischium Med compartment of thigh: pubis
47
What are attachments for ligaments to make notches into foramina?
sacrospinous (ischial spine) -- lesser scientic foramen | sacrotuberous (ischial tubercle) -- greater sciatic foramen
48
Obturator formed by what bones?
ischium and pubis | covered by obturator membrane (obturator nav run through here)
49
Ligaments that reinforce hip joint
iliofemoral pubofemoral ischiofemoral
50
When is hip joint dislocation most likely to occur?
flexed abducted externally rotated (prevent by iliofemoral ligament)
51
How does hip dislocation present? | Hip fracture?
Dislocation: shorter and internally rotated Fracture: shorter and externally rotated
52
3 types of hip fracture
subcapital (intracapsular) -- most complications trochanteric subtrochanteric
53
Sesamoids
ossifications in tendons near a joint (always one at the metacarpo-phalangeal joint of thumb) (can occur in other places too)
54
Only extensor of the leg
quads femoris
55
Largest and most powerful muscle in body
quads femoris
56
Muscles of ant compartment of leg
``` iliopsoas pectineus sartorius quads femoris --rectus femoris --vastus lateralis --vastus medialis --vastus intermedius ```
57
Longest muscle in human body
sartorius
58
Locations of thigh muscle compartments in relation to intermuscular septa
Ant: b/w lat and med Med: b/w post and med
59
Muscles of med compartment of leg
``` adductor longus adductor brevis adductor magnus gracilis obturator externus ```
60
What is the most ant of the adductor muscles in the thigh?
adductor longus
61
What is the largest adductor muscle?
Adductor magnus (made of 2 muscles)
62
Which muscle of post compartment has half of its length made up by a cord-like tendon? Which one has a broad, flat tendon of distal attachment?
Long cord-like tendon: semitendinosus Broad, flat tendon: semimembranosus
63
What is the only muscle in the body innervated by the common fibular nerve?
SHORT HEAD of biceps femoris
64
Muscles of post compartment of leg
semitendinosus semimembranosus biceps femoris (long head and short head) **short head is NOT in the hamstrings
65
Muscles of pes anserinus
sartorius gracilis semitendonosus
66
Nerves supplying compartments of thigh (with exceptions)
Ant: femoral n (exception: psoas major innervated by ventral rami of L1-L3) Med: obturator n (exception: ischiocondylar/hamstring portion of adductor magnus innervated by tibial portion of sciatic n) Post: sciatic n, tibial div (exception: short head of biceps femoris innervated by sciatic n, common fibular div)
67
How many nerve fibers can be innervated by a single axon?
one or many
68
Motor unit
single nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers that it innervates --all muscle fibers contract at once (on or off)
69
Difference b/w fine control and course mvmts
Fine: fewer muscle fibers per axon Courser: more muscle fibers per axon
70
Henneman's size principle
inc force by recruiting additional motor units
71
Describe structure of NMJ
- -myelinated motor nerves pass through perimysium giving off several terminal nerve axons - -axons lose myelin and become dilated at presynaptic button (site of innervation) - -primary and secondary synaptic clefts - -axons covered by thin layer of Schwann cells at motor end plate - -axon terminal has mito and synaptic vesicles with acetylcholine
72
Primary synaptic cleft
dilated nerve endings sit in trough of muscle fiber
73
Secondary synaptic cleft
deep junctional fods of sarcolemma -- this is the motor unit end plate --junctional folds have acetylcholine receptors
74
What NT at NMJ?
acetylcholine
75
T-tubules
invaginations of sarcolemma into fiber encircle A and I bands in regular order carry depolarization signal into fiber
76
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
branching network in skeletal and smooth muscle surrounds each myofibril terminal cisternae bracket T-tubules regulates Ca flow Passively releases Ca to filaments, initiating contraction and transports Ca back to cisternae ending contraction
77
Triad | Diad
Triad: skeletal muscle --T tubule and 2 sarcoplasmic terminal cisternae depolarization of T tubules transmitted to SR at triads Diad: cardiac muscle -- one T tubule w/ 2 SR cisternae (diads located at Z lines)
78
When muscle contracts, each ...shortens, but the ... remain the same length
sarcomeres, Z bands, and I bands shorten, but actin and myosin (A bands) remain the same length --thin filaments slide past thick filaments -- overlap
79
Concentric vs eccentric contraction
Concentric: sarcomeres shorten Eccentric: sarcomeres lengthen **actin and myosin do not change length in either
80
Sliding filament theory
cross-bridging of actin and myosin slide thin filaments past thick ones (I bands shorten)
81
Golgi tendon organs
encapsulated bundles of Type I collagen in tendons near muscle fiber insertions Recieves sensory info (NOT motor) contraction of muscle compresses collagen golgi tendon organs sense change in tension -- relays info to CNS on muslce tension to help coordinate muscle contraction
82
Muscle spindles
encapsulated proprioceptors CT space containing fluid and intrafusal fibers sensory neurons penetrate capsule to detect changes in lenght and relay info to SC Reflex pathways initiated --bag and chain fibers --sensory and gamma motor nerves
83
Cardiac muscle derived from what germ layer? | Smooth muscle?
Cardiac: splanchnic mesoderm (lateral plate) surrounding the heart tube Smooth: splanchnic (gut), neural crest cells (eye m), local mesoderm (vascular)
84
Difference b/w fusion of skeletal vs cardiac muscle | vs smooth
Skeletal: syncytial Cardiac: fuse to form complex junctions at ends --chain like arrays that can bifurcate and join other arrays (results in "wringing out of the heart ventricles) Smooth: fusiform cells w/ single nuclei
85
Layers of cardiac muscle
epicardium (w/ bv, nn, fat) myocardium (muscle) endocardium -- thinner than epicardium)
86
Fuel for cardiac muscle cells
lipids and mito
87
Tissue types of Layers of Cardiac Muscle
Epi: aerolar CT + simple squamous epithelium Myo: cardiac muscle Subendocardium: fibrous/dense CT Subendothelium: aereolar CT Endocardium/endothelium: simple squamous epithelium
88
Intercalcated discs
dark staining transverse lines crossin gchains of cardiac cells at reg intervals Junctions
89
Transverse portion of intercalcated disc
ATTACHMENT right angle to fiber attachment fascia adherens -- anchors actin and represents half a z-band desmosome (macula adhers): bind cardiac cells preventing them from pulling apart during contraction
90
Lateral portion of intercalcated disc
COMMUNICATION gap junctions (ionic) cells in chain contract in wave
91
Cardiac muscle innervation
``` Heart beat: --up regulate (sym) --down regulate (para) Free nerve endings b/w myofibers transmit pain from myocardium SA, AV nodes Atrioventricular bundles Purkinje fibers ```
92
Purkinje fibers | Why do they appear lighter?
modified cardiac muscle cells help coordinate rhythmic contraction fewer myofibrils, more glycogen (appear lighter)
93
Compare ventricle and atrial muscle fibers
Ventricle: typical fibers, many mito, glycogen, lipids Atrial: smaller fibers, fewer T tubules
94
Atrial natriuretic factor
acts on kidneys to cause Na and water loss opposes hormones that promote sodium and water conservation (aldosterone and antidiruetic hormone) in Right atrium
95
Phospholamban
transmembrane protein in cardiac SR regulates transport of Ca into cardiac SR (regulation via PHOSPHORYLATION OF PLN) inhibitory causes dilated cardiomyopathy/ congestive heart failure
96
What structures at poles of smooth muscle cells?
``` mito polyribosomes ER cisternae golgi complexes rudimentary SR NO T-tubules ```
97
What muscle type does not have T-tubules? | No troponin?
smooth muscle does not have either T tubules or troponin | thin filaments are actin and tropomyosin
98
Organization of thick and thin filaments in diff muscle cell types
Skeletal and cardiac: striations | Smooth: criss-cross
99
2 types of dense bodies in smooth muscle
membrane cytoplasm both have alpha actinin and act similar to Z line thin and intermed filaments insert into dense bodies to help transmit force to adj cells and reticular fibers dense bodies create corkscrew nucleus effect
100
Desmin
protein component of intermed filaments in cytoplasm of smooth muscle cells -- connected to dense body
101
Vimentin
protein component of intermed filaments in cytoplasm of vasculature (smooth muscle cells) connected to dense body
102
Innervation of Smooth muscle
Autonomic - -sym (adrenergic) - -parasym (cholinergic)
103
Myoepithelial cells
contractile cells in exocrine glands (sweat, mammary, salivary) contain actin and myosin
104
Origin Innervation Location Junctions of myoepithelial cells
Neuroectodermal Autonomic innervation spindle-shaped origin located b/w basal lamina and secretory cells Gap junctions and desmosomes
105
What artery is the main supply to the thigh muscles?
deep artery of thigh (profunda femoris)
106
What a is the main supply to femoral head?
medial femoral circumflex
107
Course of perforating aa | What do they supply?
Pierce adductors to enter post compartnent and supply hamstrings
108
What is the last a given off by femoral a b/f passes through adductor hiatus
Descending (sup) genicular a
109
Cruciate anastamosis
inf gluteal a lat circumflex femoral a (transverse branch) med circumflex femoral a (transverse branch) first perforating a from profunda femoris) b/w femoral a and internal iliac via inf gluteal --insufficient to compensate for obstruction of prox femoral a
110
Genicular anastamosis
b/w brancehs of popliteal a, femoral a, and ant tibial a that provides collateral circulation around knee joint
111
2 mechanisms that stabilize knee joint
``` muscular contraction (quads) external and internal ligaments ```
112
External ligaments of knee joint
``` Tibial collateral Fibular collateral Patellar Oblique popliteal Arcuate popliteal ```
113
``` Which of the collateral ligaments (external) of the knee joint is weaker? Cruciate ligaments (internal)? ```
tibial collateral | ant cruciate
114
Mvmts restricted by tibial collateral and fibular collateral lig?
Tibal: restricts abduction Fibular: restricts adduction
115
Patellar tendon is extension of what?
quads tendon
116
What are the attachments for the tibial collateral ligament? | Fibular collateral?
Tibial: med femoral epicondyle --> medial shaft of tibia Fibular: lat femoral epicondyle --> lateral fibular head
117
Internal ligaments of knee joint
Ant cruciate ligament Post cruciate ligament Med and lateral menisci
118
Attachments of ant and post cruciate lig?
Ant: ant intercondylar fossa of tibia --> lat femoral condyle Post: ant intercondylar fossa of tibia --> medial femoral condyle
119
What ligament is the expansion of the semimembranosus insertion?
oblique popliteal
120
What movements do ant and post cruciate ligaments restrict?
Ant: backward movement of femur, hyperextension Post: forward movement of femur, hyperflexion
121
What structures to med and lat menisci receive? | Why are they important?
femoral condyles | menisci relieve mismatch b/w curved femoral condyles and flat tibial plateau
122
2 joints b/w tibia and fibula
1. sup tibiofibular (plane jt b/w fibular head and lat condyle of tibia) 2. Tibiofibular syndesmosis (inf tibifibular): inf fibrous attachment of tibia and fibula that prohibits mvmt b/w the bones
123
What is the only tarsal bone to articulate with the leg (tibia and fibula)?
Talus (articulates in ankle joint) | -- wt transferred from tibia to talus
124
Sustenaculum tali
shelf of calcaneus that supports head of talus
125
Spring joint
attached to sustenaculum tali ( of calcaneus) and navicular to form hammock which supports navicular
126
What bone of ankle is homologous to scaphoid of wrist?
talus -- why have 7 tarsals (vs 8 carpals)
127
Groove for tendon of flexor hallucis longus on what bone? | Groove for fibularis longus tendon on what bone?
flexor hallucis longus: calcaneus | fibularis longus: cuboid
128
What bone of foot has 2 sesamoid bones?
head of the metatarsal of big toe
129
What are the retinaculum of the ankle? | Function?
Sup and inf retinaculum | prevent bowstringing of ant compartment muscles
130
Ant compartment of leg | n, a, action
deep fib n ant tib a dorsiflexion/extension
131
Attachment of inf retinaculum
calcaneus | med maleolus
132
What ligament is shaped like a Y?
inf retinaculum
133
Parathesia
tingling
134
Triceps surae
includes gastrocnemius and soleus
135
What muscles attach at calcaneal tendon?
Gastroncnemius Soleus Plantaris
136
Another name for ankle joint
Talocrural joint -- makes the mortise
137
What kind of joint is ankle joint?
hinge synovial (b/w tibia, fibula, talus)
138
What are the actions of the ankle joint?
dorsiflexion (ant compartment) | plantarflexion (post compartment)
139
At what part of the talus does the tibia transfer wt?
Trochlea of talus
140
Forefoot
metatarsals and phalanges
141
Midfoot
navicular cuboid 3 cuneiforms
142
Hindfoot
talus and calcaneus
143
Tarsus
midfoot + hindfoot
144
What artery is in the anatomical snuff box?
radial
145
Medial or lateral plantar arteries is larger?
Lateral is larger | Medial is smaller
146
Deep plantar arch is anastamosis of what 2 arteries? | Dorsal pedal arch?
``` DEEP PLANTAR: Lat plantar (from post tibial) and Deep plantar (from dorsalis pedis from ant tibial) ``` DORSAL PEDAL: Lat tarsal Arcuate
147
What artery of the dorsum of the foot is absent in 12% of people?
arcuate
148
What muscle also known as flexor accessorius? | Why?
Quadratus plantae | b/c supplements action of flexor digitorum longus (inserts on flexor digitorum longus)
149
Med and lat plantar nn and aa run b/w what muscle layers of foot? Lat plantar n and a then dive deep to what muscle b/w what layers?
Med and lat plantar nn and aa run b/w 1st and 2nd layers | Lat plantar n and a then dive deep to flexor digiti minimi b/w 3rd and 4th layers
150
Tarsal tunnel syndrome
``` Tendon of tibialis post Tendon of flexor digitorum longus Post tibial a Post tibial v Tibial n Flexor hallucis longus ``` Overexertion causes swelling of tendons leading to tibial n compression -- tingling on back of heel and bottom of foot
151
Tarsal tunnel bound by what structures?
Calcaneus Medial malleolus Flexor retinaculum
152
Windlass mechanism
Occurs as: dorsiflexion at MTP tightens plantar aponeurosis (via attachments to sup transverse metatarsal lig at the fibrous digital flexor sheaths of toes) strain on plantar fascia pulls attachment sites closer together raising the bones of the long arch and strengthening the foot for push-off
153
Pes planus
Flatfoot - -Rigid flatfeet: due to bony deformation - -Acquired (flexible) flatfoot: relaxation of spring ligament causes head of talus to drop inferomedially and visibly bulge on med side of dorsal foot
154
Plantar fasciitis
Inflammation of plantar fascia (at attachments -- med calcaneus and metatarsal heads) Associated with heel spurs, but relationship is not direct Spur usually located in the prox attachmets of muscles deep to plantar fascia (flex digit brevis, abductor digiti minimi, quadratus plantae) Caused by lack of arch support
155
2 arches of foot
Longitudinal (med and lat) | Transverse
156
Passive mechanisms of arch support
``` bone shapes (transverse arch) fibrous elements (long arches) --plantar aponeurosis --long plantar ligament --short plantar ligament (deep to long plantar) --spring ligament ```
157
Importance of spring lig
supports head of talus resists tendency of body wt to use talus as a wedge to drive calcaneus and navicular apart (this would collapse the med long arch)
158
Muscles involved in flexion of wrist? Extension Abduction Adduction
Flexion: flexor carpi radialis and ulnaris, forearm flexors, palmaris longus Extension: extensor carpi radialis longus/brevis, ulnaris, forearm extensors Abduction: flexor and extensor carpi radialis (long and brev), abductor pollicis longus Adduction: flexor and extensor carpi ulnaris
159
Extensor retinaculum attaches at... | Flexor retinaculum...
Extensor: radius --> prox carpals Flexor: pisiform/hook of hamate and trapezium/scaphoid
160
What muscle attaches to palmar aponeurosis?
Tendon of palmaris longus
161
Extrinsic muscles of hand
flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus
162
Stenosing tenosynovitis
AKA trigger finger inflammation of synovial tendon narrows space for tendon to glide smoothyl during mvmt -- inc friction Lubricating fluid thinckes, dries out, and forms nodules that catch on fibro-osseus pulleys As nodules grow, tendons may pop in tunnels Fingers lock in bent position Risk factors: repetitive motion, diabetes, gender (more female), infection Treatment: avoidance, splinting, NSAIDs, surgery Usually contained b/c each digit has separate synovial sheaths
163
What nerve has no muscle innervation in hand? | What is its sensory innervation in hand?
Radial | Sensory to lat 2/3 of dorsum, dorsum of thumb, and part of digits 2 and 3
164
Extrafusal muscle fibers innervated by....
alpha motor neurons
165
3 types of skeletal muscle fibers
Type I: slow, red fibers Type IIa: intermediate Type IIb: fast, glycolytic fibers
166
What are the largest skeletal muscle type? | Smallest?
Largest: Type IIb: fast glycolytic Smallest: Type I: slow
167
Long distance exercise inc the number of ... skeletal muscle fibers
Type I (slow)
168
Epimysium, peri, endo CT types in each | What each surrounds
Epi: dense CT -- many fascicles Peri: loose CT -- one fascicle Endo: reticular fibers -- muscle fiber
169
BV and nn to muscles carried by...
CT
170
Main protein of M line
Creatine kinase (ADP)
171
SR found in what muscle types?
skeletal and smooth
172
Ryanodine sensitive Ca channels
located in SR | release Ca into sarcomere when depolarization (carried by T tubules) reaches them
173
Calsequestrin
binds Ca in SR | Reduces Ca levels for binding to TnC -- stop contraction
174
Acetylcholinesterase
present in synaptic cleft and degrades Ach--stops initiation of contraction signal from nerve
175
What type of collagen is in golgi tendon organs?
Type I
176
Triad vs diad location
Triad: b/w A and I bands Diad: at Z line
177
Transverse vs lateral portion of intercalcated disc
Transverse: fascia adherens and macula adherens (desmosomes) Lateral: gap junctions
178
Purkinje fibers
modified cardiac muscle cells help coordinate rhythmic contraction fewer myofibrils, more glycogen (appear lighter)
179
Atrial natriuretic factor
causes sodium and water loss in kidneys (opposes aldosterone and antidiuretic which promote sodium and water conservation) Precursor of ANF in right atrium
180
Extrafusal muscle fibers innervated by....
alpha motor neurons
181
3 types of skeletal muscle fibers
Type I: slow, red fibers Type IIa: intermediate Type IIb: fast, glycolytic fibers
182
What are the largest skeletal muscle type? | Smallest?
Largest: Type IIb: fast glycolytic Smallest: Type I: slow
183
Long distance exercise inc the number of ... skeletal muscle fibers
Type I (slow)
184
Epimysium, peri, endo CT types in each | What each surrounds
Epi: dense CT -- many fascicles Peri: loose CT -- one fascicle Endo: reticular fibers -- muscle fiber
185
BV and nn to muscles carried by...
CT
186
Main protein of M line
Creatine kinase (ADP)
187
SR found in what muscle types?
skeletal and smooth
188
Ryanodine sensitive Ca channels
located in SR | release Ca into sarcomere when depolarization (carried by T tubules) reaches them
189
Calsequestrin
binds Ca in SR | Reduces Ca levels for binding to TnC -- stop contraction
190
Acetylcholinesterase
present in synaptic cleft and degrades Ach--stops initiation of contraction signal from nerve
191
What type of collagen is in golgi tendon organs?
Type I
192
Triad vs diad location
Triad: b/w A and I bands Diad: at Z line
193
Transverse vs lateral portion of intercalcated disc
Transverse: fascia adherens and macula adherens (desmosomes) Lateral: gap junctions
194
Purkinje fibers
modified cardiac muscle cells help coordinate rhythmic contraction fewer myofibrils, more glycogen (appear lighter)
195
Atrial natriuretic factor
causes sodium and water loss in kidneys (opposes aldosterone and antidiuretic which promote sodium and water conservation) Precursor of ANF in right atrium
196
Muscles in lateral (gluteal) region of thigh attach to which of the bones in the innominate bone? post compartment? Med compartment?
Lat: ilium Post: ischium Ant: pubis
197
Greater sciatic notch: female vs male | Pubic symphysis?
both greater sciatic notch and pubic symphysis more obtuse in female
198
What bony landmark delineates greater and lesser sciatic notches?O
ISCHIAL spine
199
What is the wt-bearing part of the hip bone during sitting? | What attaches here?
ISCHIAL tuberosity | sacrotuberous lig and hamstrings attach here
200
What lig attaches at pubic tubercle?
inguinal lig
201
Obturator foramen formed by what bones? | What travels through it?
ischium and pubis | obturator NAV
202
What is the strongest ligament in the body "scalpel breaker"?
iliofemoral lig
203
Spiral course of ligaments of hip joint -- significance
tighten hip during extension, stabilizing it, but limiting extension 10-20 deg
204
Sacrospinous or sacrotuberous lig more transverse? | Significance?
Sacrospinous is more transverse and ant to sacrotuberous Sacrotuberous transforms greater sciatic notch into foramen Sacrospinous forms lesser sciatic foramen
205
What gluteal n is propriceptive?
piriformis
206
Triceps coxae includes...
obturator internus, sup and inf gemelli
207
What structures emerge inf to piriformis?
``` inf gluteal n and a sciatic n post cut nerve of thigh pudendal n internal pudendal a, v (wrap around sacrospinous lig to enter lesser sciatic foramen --> perineum) ```
208
Smooth muscle in eye derived from... | Vascular smooth muscle derived from...
Eye: neural crest cells Vascular: local mesoderm
209
Smooth muscle does not have...
T tubules, but does have rudimentary SR
210
Caveolae
invaginations into sarcolemma (smooth muscle) | --facilitate Ca flow during contraction (assist SR)
211
Myoepithelial cell derived from Location? Connected by?
Neuroectoderm spindle shaped, b/w basal lamina and secretory cells Connected by gap junctions and desmosomes

HDS (14 decks)

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