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HDS > Aging > Flashcards

Aging Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of young bone

A

reduced mineralization
less stiff
bendier
increased work to fracture

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2
Q

Bone mineral density and work to fracture as we age

A

Bone mineral density inc to 20’s then dec

Work to fracture dec (becomes easier to break) as age

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3
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

crack fails to propagate (not a clean break across bone)

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4
Q

Torus

A

peds fracture caused by compression, bone buckles

bone deformed, but does not break

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5
Q

Plastic deformation

A

bone prematurely bends, but no fracture

peds fracture

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6
Q

Salter-Harris fracture

A

growth plate fractures
can be difficult to diagnose
peds fracture

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7
Q

Aging

A

group of processes occurring in living organisms that with the passage of time lead to a loss of adaptability, functional impairment, and death

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8
Q

Diff forms of aging

A

aging with disease and disability
usual aging: absence of pathology, but decline in function
ideal healthy aging: no pathology or functional loss

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9
Q

Theories of aging

A

cell senescence
telomere shortening
free radical damage
THERE IS DISRUPTION OF HOMEOSTASIS

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10
Q

Frailty

A

wasting syndrome characterized by excessive vulnerability to stressors and the inability to regain homeostasis after a destabilizing event

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11
Q

Clinical manifestations of frailty

A

unintentional wt loss
self-reported exhaustion
muscle weakness
slow walking speed

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12
Q

Poor outcomes associated with frailty

A 
increased risk of falls
worsening mobility
greater difficulty in performing activities of daily life
hospitalization
death
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13
Q

Posture aging

A 
Increased thoracic kyphosis
Decreased lumbar lordosis
Pelvis tilts posteriorly
Forward head, rounded shoulders
flexed hips and knees
reduced flexibility in gastrocnemius and soleus
POSTURAL CHANGES INC RISK OF FALLS
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14
Q

Physical changes of musculoskeletal sys

A

loss of muscle mass
dec bone mineral mass/density
cartilage lose elasticity/calcify
tendons and lig lose elasticity
delayed response times (dec proprioception)
reduced joint range of motion and flexibility

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15
Q

Sarcopenia

A

loss of muscle mass due to loss of muscle fibers (hypoplasia) and reduced muscle cross-sectional area (atrophy)
fewer and weaker cross-bridges b/w actin and myosin
dec in number of motor units and motor neurons (especially type II fibers) –> less fine scaled control over muscle force
loss of platicity in muscle firing freq, EMG amplitude and force output
Loss of myosatellite (muscle SC), limiting potential for muscle to regenerate after injury

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16
Q

How does adipose/muscle change as we age?

A

Adipose replaces muscle tissue

17
Q

How does number of slow/fast fibers change as age?

A

Babies have many fast (II) fibers

as age, II dec and I inc

18
Q

Causes of sarcopenia

A 
hormone changes (estrogen, androgen, growth hormone)
inc production of inflammatory markers/catabolic cytokines
dec O2 delivery/utilizaiton
neural factors (denervation of motor units)
inactivity, energy intake, nutrition
19
Q

Consequences of sarcopenia

A

lose muscle strength, power, educrance
reduced ADLs
changes in balance and gait –> falls
metabolic changes (dec –> causes obesity)

20
Q

Change in osteoblast/clast as age?

Causes?

A

blast dec
clast unchanged

low horomones
poor Ca, vit D
inactivity
diet, cigarettes, alcohol

21
Q

Change in cartilage as age

A

decreased water content

osteoarthritis (NOT RA)

22
Q

Causes of osteoporosis

A

low estrogen after menopause
low testosterone
white and asian women more likely

23
Q

Contributing factors of osteoporosis

A 
inactivity -- bed rest
corticosteroid meds (prednisone)
hyperparathyroidism (inc osteoclasts)
low vit D
alcohol consumption
family history
hormone cancer treatment
low body wt
smoking
low Ca
24
Q

Osteoporosis treatment

A 
diet
physical activity
stop smoking, alcohol
Anti-resorptive agents (inhibit osteoclasts)
--estrogen replacement
--biphosphonates
Anabolic agents (promote osteoblasts)
--PTH
Reduce risk of falls
25
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

most commonly affects hand joints
complaints more often focused on lower limb joints
cartilage breaks down and wears away – bones rub together
–hypertrophy of subchondral bone
disorder of diarthroidal joints
caused by wear and tear
most common joint disease

26
Q

Contributing factors to OA

A 
age
family history
obesity (lower limb OQ)
fractures/joint injuries -- meniscal tears or ACL injuries
Long-term overuse at work or in sports
27
Q

Diagnose OA from radiograph

A

decreased joint space

osteophytes

28
Q

One cause for successful aging

A

calorie restriction
inc fruit and veg
1-7 alcoholic drinks per week (anti-inflammatory)
exercise

29
Q

Cicumferential growth (apposition)

A

occurs via membranous ossification at the periosteal boundary

HDS (14 decks)

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