Mod 2: Anatomy Flashcards
Parts of the parietal pleura around lungs
Cervical
Costal
Diaphragmatic
Mediastinal
Thoracic wall includes
rib cage + sternum
Functions of thoracic wall
protects organs
attachment for muscles of respiration
attachment for muscles of upper limb, back, and abdomen (supports wt of upper limbs)
resists neg (sub-atm) internal pressure
True
False
Floating ribs
True (vertebrocostal): 1-7
False (vertebrochondral): 8-10
Floating (vertebral or free): 11-12
Inf articular facet of rib articulates with…
Articular facet of tubercle…
Inf articular facet: with costal facets of NUMERICALLY CORRESPONDING thoracic vert
Articular facet of tubercle: with TRANSVERSE PROCESS of CORRESPONDING thoracic vert
Synovial joint
Synchondroses
Symphyses
Synovial: --free mvmt --synovial fluid --articular/hyaline cartilage Synchondroses --primary cartilaginous joints --bending, but not mvmt --hyaline cartilage --Synostosis when cartilage is replaced by bone Symphyses --secondary cartilaginous joints --slight or no mvmt --fibrocartilage
In what kind of joint may cartilage be replaced with bone?
What is this called?
Syncondroses – when replaced by bone, called:
Synostosis
What joints result in synostosis as we age?
xiphisternal
manubriosternal
Functions of thorax
Respiration (pleura/pleural cavities containing the lungs)
Circulation (mediastinum with heart and great vessels)
Nutrition (esophagus passes inf in post mediastinum through the diaphragm to empty into the stomach)
What divides sup and inf mediastinum?
Ant, middle, post?
Sup-inf: sternal angle (T4-T5)
Ant: in front of heart
Mid: heart
Post: behind heart
Sup mediastinum from superficial –> deep
Super: Thymus Sup vena cava/ RL brachiocephalic vv Aorta (ascending and aortic arch) Pulmonary arteries Trachea Esophagus Trachea (lymph nodes below bifurcation) Azygos v
Intercostal n AKA
spinal nerve ventral ramus
Intercostal aa
Ant branches from…
Post branches from…
Ant: internal thoracic (from subclavian)
Post: descending aorta/ 1st and 2nd from subclavian via supreme intercostal a
Openings in diaphragm
caval hiatus: inf vena cava (T8)
esophageal hiatus (T10)
aortic hiatus: descending aorta (T12)
Diaphragm innervated by…
phrenic n (C3-C5)
Most lymph from breast drains to…
Clinical significance?
axillary lymph nodes (through the sup lat quadrant and axillary process)
Axillary lymph nodes are the first site to examine to determine if cancer is metastasizing
Borders and contents of superior thoracic aperture (AKA thoracic inlet/outlet)
Ant border: sternal manubrium and 1st rib costal cartilages Post border: T1 centrum Lateral border: 1st ribs Contents: --trachea --esophagus --aortic arch and its branches --sup vena cava
Borders and contents of inferior thoracic aperture
Ant border: xiphisternal joint and costal margins Post border: T12 Lat border: 12th ribs Contents --diaphragm --esophagus --aorta --inf vena cava
Inhalation vs Exhalation mechanics
Inhalation: thoracic resp pressure must be LESS than atm pressure (volume must INC)
–contraction of diaphragm
–vertical dimension of thorax inc by 2-10 cm as abdominal contents are forced down
Exhalation: resp pressure is GREATER than atm pressure (volume must dec)
–relaxation of diaphragm
–lungs and chest walls elastic recoil
Rib mvmts allow chest circumference to be … in an avg male
increased by 7.5 - 10 cm
Trachea begins below…
Trachea divides into right and left main bronchi at…
Begins below cricoid cartilage
Divides into R and L main bronchi at STERNAL ANGLE (T4)
Carina
keel-like ridge
cartilaginous projection of the last tracheal ridge associated with the cough reflex
Compare R and L main bronchi
R: wider, shorter, and more vertical than left
**foreign objects trapped more easily
Parietal pleura in contact with thoracic wall via…
endothoracic fascia (separates intercostal muscles from pleura)
Where do visceral and parietal layers connect in lung?
at hilum
Pleural cavity
potential space b/w layers of the pleural sac
Recesses
Def and names in lungs
potential spaces created by uninflated lungs not filling the entirety of the pulmonary cavities
- -Costodiaphagmatic recess
- -Costomediastinal recess
What follows the pattern of bronchi?
arterial branching
tertiary bronchus + tertiary branch of pulmonary artery
bronchopulmonary segment
What kind of neurons carry all afferent information?
What are the parts of this neuron?
Pseudounipolar
cell body: spinal ganglion –DRG (outside CNS)
periph process: carry signals from structure being innervated
central process: transmits signals to CNS
Autonomic innervation AKA
general visceral motor
What kind of neurons carry efferent information?
multipolar
Sympathetic trunk
preganglionic axons travelling among paravertebral ganglia makes continuous chains
Cervical sympathetic ganglia
the 3 cervical sym ganglia are formed by the fusion of 8 paravertebral ganglia
Stellate ganglion
inf cervical ganglion fuses with T1 to make the stellate ganglion
Ganglion impar
fusion of left and right coccygeal ganglia at the terminal end of the sym trunk
Describe innervation of thoracic viscera
sym innervation directly from paravert ganglia via sym organ nn (AKA cardiopulmonary splanchnic nn)
**all sym organ nn are postganglionic (synapsed at a paravertebral ganglion somewhere on sym trunk)
What paravertebral ganglia contribute to sym organ nn?
All paravertebral ganglia above T6
Neural plexuses
cardiac plexus
pulmonary plexus
formed by interweaving of sym and parasym axons
Heart innervated by what spinal levels?
T1-T5
Describe innervation of abdominal viscera
Abdominopelvic splanchnic nn Lower thoracic splanchnic nn --greater (T5-T9) --lesser (T10-T11) --least (T12) Lumbar splanchnic nn (L1-L4)
How do thoracic splanchnic nn enter abdomen?
pierce diaphragm
Where do most splanchnic nn synapse?
on subdiaphragmatic/ preaortic/ prevertebral ganglia located centrally on post abdominal wall
(located along aorta, lumbar/sacral vert column)
How do postganglionic n fibers travel to organ being innervated?
travel in periarterial plexuses surrounding the supplying arteries
What kind of axons travel to adrenal medulla?
Why?
Prevertebral axons travel to adrenal medulla and synapse in the organ, stimulating release of hormones
–displaced paravert ganglion
Major difference b/w organ nn and splanchnic nn
Organ nn: have already synapsed
Splanchnic nn: prevert nn that have not yet synapsed
Innervation of:
foregut
midgut
hindgut
foregut: greater splanchnic (T5-T9)
midgut: mostly lesser splanchnic with some overlap from greater and least spinal segments; T9-T12
hindgut: least splanchnic with some overlap from lesser and lumbar splanchnic nn; spinal segments T12-L2/4
Preganglionic cell bodies of sym NS located…
of parasym NS located…
sym: intermediolateral column of spinal cord
parasym: medulla oblongata or S3-S4 levels of spinal cord
Location of vagus n
in mediastinum (b/w heart and lungs), post to root of lungs vagal trunks then follow esophagus down into abdomen, through esophageal hiatus to participate in subdiaphragmatic plexus
Vagus nn transition from a … position in the sup thorax to a … position in the inf thorax
Vagus nn transition from a right/left position in the sup thorax to a ant/post position in the inf thorax
- *left vagus n becomes ant vagal trunk
- *right vagus n becomes post vagal trunk
What kind of sensation does not reach conscious awareness?
What does?
Does not reach conscious awareness: autonomic motor
Does: visceral sensation (uncomfortable, dull, difficult to localize)
What stimuli result in visceral sensation?
ischemia inflammation distension cramping NOT from cutting, burning, squeezing