Radiography - know how to process radiographs

Question 1

what temperature should the processor be before it is used?

Answer 1

28 c

Question 2

define latent image

Answer 2

invisible product of x-ray or photographic film emulsions

Question 3

how many stages are there in manual processing?

Answer 3

5
development
rinising
fixing
washing
drying

Question 4

How many stages are there in automatic processing?

Answer 4

4

no risnising

Question 5

What is the active ingredient in the development?

Answer 5

either Phenidone hyrdoquinone or metol hydroquinone.

Question 6

What happens if the images in left in the development too long?

Answer 6

it will start to blacken

Question 7

How long should the film be in the developer for?

Answer 7

3-5 minutes

Question 8

Which stage will stop further development of the film?

Answer 8

Fixing

Question 9

Is the fixing solutions Acidic or Alkaline?

Answer 9

Acidic

Question 10

What can happen if the developer is transferred to the fixer with out washing it first?

Answer 10

it can produce a dichroic fog on the film

Question 11

What is the active ingredient in the fixer?

Answer 11

Sodium or ammonium thiosulphate

Question 12

Define ‘Clearing time’ ?

Answer 12

length of time the fixer take

Question 13

What temperature should the fixer not go above and why?

Answer 13

21 - might cause staining

Question 14

How long should the washing process take place in manual processing?

Answer 14

at least 10 minutes, ideally 15-30 minutes

Question 15

In manual processing explain the drying process?

Answer 15

remove films from their hangers and clip onto a line and above a sink in duct free area and allow to drip dry. film must not be clipped to close together

Question 16

What are factors of good quality radio-graphs?

Answer 16

Film density - degree of blackening
film contrast - difference in density between different structures
resolution - the ability to distinguish Small changes in shape and size
sharpness - the clarity which the structures can be seen.

Question 17

What might cause a film to be too pale? and how would you remedy it?

Answer 17

underexposed - check size of patient, increase settings, check film screen combinations.
underdevelopment - check developer temp and time.
FFD to long

Question 18

What might cause a film to be too dark? and how would you remedy it?

Answer 18

Overexposure - reduce settings, the size of patient, check film/screen combinations
over development - check developer temp and time
fogging
FFD to short

Question 19

what might cause patchy film density? and how would you remedy it?

Answer 19

developer no stirred
film not agitated in developer
need to correct the developer technique

Question 20

What is meant by soot and white wash? and what might cause it?

Answer 20

Contrast too high. KV to low - need to increase

Question 21

what might cause fogging?

Answer 21

scatter radiation - collimate beam and use grid
exposure to light before fixing - check dark room and safety light, make sure lids on boxes.
chemical or developer fog - avoid overdevelopment

Question 22

What is meant by flat film? what might cause it and how would you remedy it?

Answer 22

contrast to low

Overexposure - reduce exposure
underdevelopment - correct development technique
overdevelopment - correct development technique
fogging - collimate, don’t expose film to light, advoid over development

Question 23

What might cause a image blurring?

Answer 23

patient movement 
tube head movement 
scatter 
fogging 
poor film screen contact 
large object - film distance
double exposure.

Question 24

what might cause small bright marks on a film?

Answer 24

dirt on intensifying screens

Question 25

what might cause black patches on a film?

Answer 25

developer splashes on film

Question 26

what might cause white patches on a film?

Answer 26

fixer splashes on film

Question 27

what might cause grey patches on a film?

Answer 27

water splashes on film or chemical slashes on intensifying screen

Question 28

What might cause scratches on a film?

Answer 28

Careless handling of film or guides-shoes on automatic processor.

Question 29

what might cause crescent shape marks on film?

Answer 29

bending for unprocessed film

Question 30

what might cause branching marks on film?

Answer 30

static electricity

Question 31

what might cause parallel marks on film?

Answer 31

roller marks

Question 32

what might cause scum on the surface of the film?

Answer 32

scale or algae in the processor

Question 33

what might cause yellow/browning on storage ?

Answer 33

insufficient fixing or washing

Question 34

What might cause areas on the film that are meant to be clear to turn grey and opaque?

Answer 34

insufficient fixing

Question 35

what might cause borders around the film?

Answer 35

dirty channel hangers

Question 36

what might cause the grid lines too coarse?

Answer 36

x-ray beam not perpendicular to grid

focused or pseudo grids upside down

Question 37

why might the automatic processor produce damp films?

Answer 37

thermostat malfunction
dryer temperature too low
insufficient fixing

Question 38

what are the two types of digital radiography?

Answer 38

Computed radiography and direct digital radiography.

Question 39

Explain how computed radiography works?

Answer 39

The imaging plate (IP) absorbs the x-rays and stores them as energy.
The IP is inserted into a digitzer and the IP is stimulated to release the image by laser beam.
The image then appears on a work station (computer)

Question 40

what are the two types of direct digital radiography ?

Answer 40

Flat panel system - flat panel converts the x-rays energy to light and then to a digital signal to be interpreted by computer to produce an image file.
charged couple device system - rely’s on a fluorescent screen positioned directly under the x-ray tables and the screen in linked to a charged couples device.