QUIZ I Flashcards
the buttock, extends from the posterior iliac crest to the gluteal fold
gluteal region
anterolateral from inguinal ligament to the inferior extent of the hip joint
hip region/coaxal region
from the inferior aspect of the pelvis (inguinal ligament and gluteal fold) to the
knee region
has anterior, posterior and medial regions
thigh region/femoral region
between thigh and leg regions
has anterior and posterior regions
knee region/genus region
from the knee to the ankle
has anterior, posterior and lateral regions
Leg region/ Crus region
the rounded (shapely) part at the proximal posterior leg region
calf region/sural region
between the leg and the foot
includes the medial and lateral malleoli
ankle region/talus region
the calf region is part of what other region?
Leg region
what regions comprise the foot region?
dorsal region
plantar region
calcaneal region
name this region of the foot?
the superior part or dorsum of the foot
dorsal region of the foot
name this region of the foot?
the inferior part or planta of the foot
is divided into medial, lateral and central regions
plantar regions
name this region of the foot?
the heel; medially, laterally, plantarly
calcaneal region
name this surface:
the front side of a part, except the foot
Anterior Surface / Ventral Surface
name this surface:
the back side of a part, except the foot
Posterior Surface / Dorsal Surface
name this surface:
the inner side of a part, toward body’s midline
Medial Surface
name this surface:
the outer side of a part, opposite body’s midline
Lateral Surface
name this surface:
the surface over the flexor muscles
ex. the flexor surface of the leg is the posterior surface of the leg (opposite for
the upper limb, due to limb rotations in embryonic period)
Flexor Surface
name this surface:
the surface over the extensor muscles
ex. the extensor surface of the thigh is the anterior surface of the thigh (opposite for the upper limb, due to limb rotations of embryo)
Extensor Surface
name this surface:
the surface over the adductor muscles
ex. the adductor surface of the thigh is the medial surface of the thigh
Adductor Surface
name this surface:
the surface generally over the abductor muscles
ex. the abductor surface of the thigh is the lateral surface of the thigh
Abductor Surface
name this surface:
the anterior surface of the knee region, over the patella
Patellar Surface
name this surface:
the posterior surface of the knee region
Popliteal Surface
name this surface:
the surface over the medial malleolus of the tibia at the ankle region
medial malleolar surface
name this surface:
the surface over the lateral malleolus of the fibula at the ankle region
lateral malleolar surface
name this surface:
the superior/dorsal surface of the foot
dorsal surface of the foot
name this surface:
the inferior surface or sole of the foot
plantar surface of the foot
name this anatomic position?
one in which the body is standing erect with the toes and palms facing anterior
anatomic position
name this anatomic position?
the torso is slightly slouched; the toes are often directed slightly lateral and the palms are facing medially
relaxed standing
toward the head
The knee is superior to the ankle.
Superior, Cephalic, Cranial
away from the head
The foot is inferior to the ankle
Inferior, Caudal
toward the front side
ventral term is usually reserved for embryology
The patellar surface is anterior to the popliteal surface
Anterior, Ventral
toward the back side
dorsal term is usually reserved for embryology, except when referring to the
foot’s dorsum
The popliteal region is posterior to the patellar region
Posterior, Dorsal
closer to the midline (central line) of the body or body part
The hallux (great toe) is medial to the 5th pedal digit
Medial
farther from the midline of the body or body part
The 4th pedal digit is lateral to the hallux
Lateral
between 2 structures
The ankle is intermediate to the leg and foot.
Intermediate
on the same side of the body
The right forearm is ipsilateral to the right lower limb.
most often used in neurology
Ipsilateral
on the opposite side of the body
The left arm is contralateral to the right thigh.
most often used in neurology
Contralateral
closer to the origin/main structure
The thigh is proximal to the leg
Proximal
farther from the origin/main structure
The foot is distal to the knee.
Distal
closer to the surface
Skin is superficial to bone.
Superficial
farther from the surface, closer to the center
Muscles are deep to skin
Deep
decreasing the angle between body parts, generally
usually an anterior direction except at the knee and more distal joints where it
is a posterior direction
flexion
extension beyond the anatomic position
occurs normally at the neck, wrist, hip, ankle and MTP joints; The term is not usually used for hip, ankle or MTP joints as excessive motion at these joint is not considered normal
hyperextension
moving a part away from the body’s midline
abduction
moving a part toward the midline of the body
adduction
moving around the long axis of a part
occurs primarily at the hip and shoulder joints
rotation
anterior surface of the part moves toward the body’s midline
Medial Rotation / Internal Rotation
anterior surface of the part moves away from the body’s midline
Lateral Rotation / External Rotation
movement of a part in a circular pattern
combines flexion and extension with abduction and adduction; movements must occur in alternating sequence (flexion-adduction-extension-abduction)
circumduction
moving the sole of the foot away from the body’s midline
Eversion
moving the sole of the foot toward the body’s midline
Inversion
extension of the ankle joint or joints distal to the ankle joint
bringing the dorsum of the foot closer to the anterior surface of the leg
Dorsiflexion
flexion of the ankle joint or joints distal to the ankle joint
moving the dorsum of the foot farther from the anterior surface of the leg
Plantar Flexion
combination of plantar flexion, adduction and inversion of the foot
motion occurs at the functional subtalar joint and the midtarsal joint
supination
combination of dorsiflexion, abduction and eversion of the foot
motion occurs at the functional subtalar joint and the midtarsal joint
Pronation
name the examples of imaging studies?
Plain film radiographs, musculoskeletal ultrasound, computed tomography scans (CT /CAT), magnetic resonance images (MRI)
what is this body plane?
divide the body or body parts into anterior and posterior sections
Frontal Planes / Coronal Planes
what is this body plane?
divide the body or body parts into superior and inferior sections
Transverse Planes
what is this body plane?
divide the body or body parts into right and left sections
Sagittal Planes
what is this body plane?
divides into equal right and left halves
Midsagittal Plane / Median Sagittal Plane
what is this body plane?
any sagittal plane except the midsagittal plane
Parasagittal Plane
what is this body plane?
that plane which divides the body into equal parts
Cardinal Body Planes
what is this body plane?
the midsagittal plane in equal parts
Cardinal Sagittal Plane
what is this body plane?
divides the body into equal anterior and posterior halves
Cardinal Frontal Plane / Cardinal Coronal Plane
what is this body plane?
divides the body into equal superior and inferior halves
Cardinal Transverse Plane
this is where two bones meet?
joints and articulations
the study of joints?
Arthrology
this type of classification is based on the amount of movement available at a joint?
functional
an immovable joint, ex. sutures of the skull
Synarthrosis
a slightly movable joint. Most amphiarthoses are cartilaginous, ex. symphysis pubis
Amphiarthrosis
a freely movable joint. All diarthroses are synovial. Primarily these in lower limb,
ex. hip joint
Diarthrosis
this type of classification is based on the material that unites the bone ends
structural
united by fibrous tissue
fibrous
what are the examples of fibrous structures?
sutures of the skull
gomphosis
syndesmosis
what type of fibrous structure are the sutures of the skull? gomphosis? syndesmosis?
functional synarthroses
functional synarthroses
functional amphiarthroses
these structures are untied by cartilage?
cartilaginous
- united by hyaline cartilage
- temporary joints
ex. Epiphyseal (growth) plates - functional synarthroses
Primary Cartilaginous Joints
- united by fibrocartilage
- permanent joints
ex. intervertebral discs or symphysis pubis - functional amphiarthroses
Secondary Cartilaginous Joints
primary joint type in lower limb?
synovial
what are the five components of the synovial joints?
what are all synovial joints?
articular capsule/fibrous joint capsule articular cartilage synovial membrane synovial fluid joint cavity
functional diarthroses
bone ends are both flat surfaces
allow gliding movements only, no rotation
ex. intertarsal joints (midfoot and rearfoot), intercarpal joints
Plane/Planar/Gliding
complex surface shapes that may involve more than 2 bones
allow movement in one plane; flexion and extension
ex. ankle joint, interphalangeal joints (fingers or toes)
Hinge/Ginglymus
1 rounded, ball-like projection and 1 shallow saucer-like surface
allow movement in two planes; flexion and extension, abduction
and adduction, and circumduction
ex. metatarsophalangeal or metacarpophalangeal joints
Condyloid/Ellipsoid
2 saddle shaped surfaces
allow movement in two planes; flexion and extension or abduction and adduction (not both at the same time)
have a small amount of rotation due to joint surface shapes
ex. calcaneocuboid joint
Saddle/Sellar
2 large rounded projections contacting 2 saucer-like areas
allow movement primarily in one plane with a small amount
of rotation
ex. knee joint
Bicondylar
1 large rounded, ball-like projection and 1 cup-like depression
allow movements in three planes
have all movements - flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,
circumduction, internal rotation and external rotation
ex. hip joint
ball and socket/sphenoid
the study of bone
osteology
dense connective tissue that connects bone to bone
often blends with articular capsules
Ligament
- very solid
- appears white on plain film radiographs due to closely packed cells
- provides strength to the bone
Compact, cortical or dense
- appears as thin interlaced plates on plain film radiographs due to loosely packed cells - has good blood supply for rapid healing
Cancellous, trabecular or spongy
the “plates” or lattice pieces of the bone
Trabeculae
part of the axial skeleton
- includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum and manubrium
Axial Bones
part of the appendicular skeleton/limbs (upper and lower)
Appendicular Bones
pectoral girdle (scapula and clavicle), humerus, radius, ulna, carpus, metacarpus, and manual phalanges
Upper Limb
pelvic girdle (os coxa), femur, patella, tibia, fibula,
tarsus (greater and lesser), metatarsus, and pedal phalanges (in the
toes)
Lower Limb
- increasing the angle between body parts, generally
- usually a posterior direction except at the knee and more distal joints where it
is an anterior direction
extension