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quiz 9 study Flashcards

chapter 32 smartbook

1
Q

What best explains why animals are considered monophyletic

A

They share features of major importance

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2
Q

How does a heterotrophic organism obtain energy and organic molecules

A

Ingestion of other organisms

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3
Q

The five key innovations in animal evolution include tissues, a body _______, various patterns of embryonic development, segmentation, and ________

A
  • cavity
  • symmetry
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4
Q

The only animals that lack any form of body symmetry are ________

A

sponges

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5
Q

Choose the statement that most accurately describes the presence of tissues in animals

A

Specialized tissues are found in all animals except sponges

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6
Q

All animals share features of major importance and are therefore _______

A

monophyletic

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7
Q

Because they obtain energy and organic molecules by ingesting other organisms, animals are ______

A

heterotrophs

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8
Q

Cnidarians have several distinct _____ types, but do not have organs or organ systems

A

tissue

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9
Q

Select the key innovations in animal evolution

A
  • Segmentation
  • Various patterns of embryonic development
  • Symmetry
  • Tissues
  • Body cavity
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10
Q

All animals exhibit some form of body symmetry except

A

sponges

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11
Q

What is a type of body plan in which an animal’s body is divided into nearly identical units

A

Segmented body plan

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12
Q

What is a peritoneum

A

A layer of mesoderm-derived epithelial cells that surrounds the coelom

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13
Q

Protostomes are animals in which the embryonic blastopore becomes the

A

mouth

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14
Q

Traditional views of animal phylogeny have depended on features of _______ and embryological development

A

anatomy

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15
Q

In ________ development, the type of tissue each embryonic cell will form in the adult is determined very early in embryonic development when developmental signals are located in different regions of the egg

A

determinate

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16
Q

Which of the following is true of Deuterostomes

A

The blastopore develops into the anus

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17
Q

What accurately describes animals with a segmented body plan

A

The animal’s body is divided into nearly identical units

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18
Q

A body cavity derived entirely from mesoderm is called a

A

coelom

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19
Q

What has helped to resolve the relationship between most animal phyla

A

Combining data from multiple genes

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20
Q

In determinate development,

A

the cells differentiate into tissues early in development

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21
Q

Members of the phylum __________ are unique among animals because they lack true tissues or symmetry and have cells that can disassociate, reassemble, differentiate from one type to another, and dedifferentiate from a specialized to an unspecialized state

A

porifera

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22
Q

Most sponges are

A

asymmetrical

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23
Q

Choanocytes

A

Flagellated, collar cells that circulate water and trap food particles

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24
Q

Epithelial cells

A

Flattened cells that surround the body of the sponge, sometimes contracting to close the ostia to protect the inner cells of the sponge

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25
Q

Amoeboid cells

A

Cells found within the mesohyl of the sponge that often secrete spicules or spongin

26
Q

Egg and sperm cells

A

Cells that are involved in sexual reproduction, joining and developing into a ciliated larva

27
Q

Which phyla contain Deuterostomes

A
  • Chordates
  • Echinoderms
28
Q

The pores in the body of a sponge, through which water is drawn in, are known as ________

A

ostia

29
Q

Which of the following statement best describes sponges

A

Sponges have several types of cells that perform different functions

30
Q

What differentiates sponges from colonial protists

A

Sponges are made of several functionally differentiated cell types

31
Q

The polyp form of cnidarians has a tubular body with a ________ that is surrounded by _________

A
  • mouth
  • tentacles
32
Q

what clade includes all animals that have tissues and body symmetry

A

Eumetazoa

33
Q

Comb jellies make up the phylum

A

Ctenophora

34
Q

The body forms of the cnidaria and the _______ and the medusa

A

polyp

35
Q

What are characteristics of cnidarians

A
  • They are made of distinct tissues
  • They are diploblastic
  • They have radial symmetry
36
Q

What cnidarian form is characterized by a cylindrical body with a mouth surrounded by tentacles at the end of the cylinder opposite where it is attached to substrate or colonial tissue

A

Polyp

37
Q

In contrast to Parazoa, the _______ includes all animals that have true tissues and body symmetry

A

Eumetazoa

38
Q

What organisms are included in the phylum Ctenophora

A

Comb jellies

39
Q

In cnidarians, what is a medusa

A

The free-swimming form that is umbrella-shaped with a mouth on the concave underside, surrounded by tentacles

40
Q

Cnidarians exhibit form of a polyp or a(n) _________

A

medusa

41
Q

In many cnidarian species, the polyp produces other polyps asexually; if they remain attached to one another, they form a group that is referred to as a(n) _______

A

colony

42
Q

A hydrostatic skeleton serves two main functions: it provides a rigid structure against which _______ can operate and it gives the animal ______

A
  • muscles
  • form
43
Q

Order the major events in a generalized life cycle of a cnidarian as they occur starting with gamete formation at the top

A
  • Gamete formation by the medusa form
  • Fertilization
  • Development of planula larva
  • Polyp formation
  • Asexual production of medusae
44
Q

In cnidarians, a zygote develops into a planktonic ciliated ______ larva that metamorphoses into a polyp

A

planula

45
Q

In cnidarians, asexual reproduction in polyps can produce what phases of the life cycle

A

Polyps and medusae

46
Q

How are colonies formed in cnidarians

A

A polyp produces new polyps asexually and they all remain attached to one another, forming a colony

47
Q

What are the functions of a hydrostatic skeleton in animals lacking a skeleton of shell or bone

A
  • It provides a rigid structure against which muscles can operate
  • It gives shape to the animal
48
Q

The unique stinging intracellular structures that assist a typical cnidarian in defense and prey captured are known as

A

nematocysts

49
Q

Consider a cnidarian, which forms both a polyp and a medusa stage. Which of the following statements about the life cycle of such a cnidarian are TRUE

A
  • Medusae are free-swimming
  • Polyps are sessile
50
Q

In cnidarians, the planktonic ciliated larva that metamorphoses into a polyp is known as a(n) _______

A

planula

51
Q

Select the main body form found in class Cubozoa

A

Medusa

52
Q

Why are reasons why corals are economically very important to humans

A
  • They serve as refuge sites for the young of many crustaceans and fishes eaten by humans
  • They protect the coastal regions of many tropical islands
53
Q

One way in which climate change affects corals is that water that is ______ than usual can cause the symbiosis of corals with zooxanthellae to break down; this leads to coral _______

A
  • warmer
  • bleaching
54
Q

What are characteristics of hard corals

A
  • An exoskeleton of calcium carbonate
  • Symbiotic photosynthetic zooxanthellae
  • Polyp form is dominant
55
Q

What is true of members of class Hydrozoa

A
  • They may form colonies
  • The polyp stage is represented in the life cycle
56
Q

Cnidarians known as box jellies are part of what class

A

Cubozoa

57
Q

Coral reefs have great economic importance, because they serve as refuges for the young of many ______ and _____ that are eaten by humans; in addition they protect the coasts of many tropical islands

A
  • crustanceans
  • fishes
58
Q

What are negative effects of climate change on corals

A
  • Higher CO2 in the atmosphere leads to lower pH in the ocean water which makes calcium-carbonate less available for corals
  • Coral bleaching (loss of zooxanthellae) can occur if water is warmer than usual
59
Q

Hard corals secrete an ______ of calcium carbonate around themselves. These animals can form coral reefs in shallow waters in the tropics, because they contain symbiotic photosynthetic ________

A
  • exoskeleton
  • dinoflagellates
60
Q

Members of what cnidarian class have a relatively conspicuous and complex medusa stage, propel themselves through water using rhythmic contraction of muscles, and are very unlikely to kill a human through stinging by nematocysts ______

A

Scyphozoa

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