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quiz 4 study Flashcards

chapter 28 smartbook

1
Q

Which of the following were the first eukaryotes

A

Protists

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2
Q

Select all evolutionary mechanisms that were important in the early evolution of eukaryotes

A
  • Engulfing other cells
  • Horizontal gene transfer
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3
Q

The nucleus and the ER of eukaryotes are thought to have evolved ___________

A

from infoldings of the plasma membrane

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4
Q

Which of the following is the best definition of endosymbiotic bacteria

A

Bacteria that live within other cells and perform specific functions for their host cells

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5
Q

Scientists hypothesize that photosynthetic bacteria were engulfed by other, larger cells and eventually evolved to become the organelles we now call ___________

A

chloroplasts

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6
Q

Which of the following statement accurately describes when protists evolved relative to other eukaryotes

A

Protists were the first eukaryotes to evolve

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7
Q

The earliest eukaryotic cells likely evolved through the transfer of genes across species boundaries, a process called ________ gene transfer

A

horizontal

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8
Q

Infoldings of the prokaryotic plasma membrane are thought to have given rise to the eukaryotic endomembrane system that includes which of the following

A

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and nuclear envelope

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9
Q

The genome of a mitochondrion is typically composed of which of the following

A

A single, circular, closed molecule of DNA, similar to that in bacteria

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10
Q

Bacteria that live within other cells and perform specific functions for their host cells are called

A

endosymbiotic bacteria

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11
Q

In most eukaryotes (with the exception of fungi and some protist groups), the separation of chromosomes during mitosis occurs in what part of the cell

A

The cytoplasm

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12
Q

What type of prokaryote might have formed endosymbiotic relationships with other larger bacteria, eventually evolving into a chloroplast

A

A photosynthetic bacterium

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13
Q

Eukaryotic organisms that cannot be classified in the plant, animal, or fungal kingdoms are ________

A

protists

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14
Q

Excavata, SAR, Archaeplastida, Amoebozoa, and Ophisthokonta are the names of the five protist _____________

A

supergroups

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15
Q

Amoebas are surrounded only by their plasma _______

A

membrane

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16
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain heir own DNA which is very similar in size and character to the DNA of ____________

A

bacteria

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17
Q

In fungi and some protists, the _______ ______ does not dissolve during mitosis

A
  • nuclear
  • membrane
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18
Q

Select all the structures used by protists for locomotion

A
  • Pseudopods
  • Cilia
  • Flagella
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19
Q

How is an eukaryote classified as a protist

A

A eukaryote is classified as a protist when it cannot be classified in any other eukaryotic group

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20
Q

Which of the following are currently recognized supergroups of protists

A
  • Ophisthokonta
  • Archaeplastida
  • Amoebozoa
  • Sar
  • Excavata
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21
Q

Some protists, such as amoebas, are surrounded only by their plasma membrane, whereas others, such as diatoms and foraminifera, are surrounded by _______

A

glassy shells of silica

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22
Q

Which of the following are nutritional strategies found in protists

A
  • Mixotrophs
  • Phagotrophs
  • Phtotrophs
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23
Q

Protists can exhibit both _______ and ______ reproduction

A
  • sexual
  • asexual
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24
Q

The evolution of multicellularity was advantageous because it allowed ______

A

cells to become specialized

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25
Q

Select the features of protists in the supergroup Excavata

A
  • They move using flagella
  • Many possess a feeding groove
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26
Q

Based on the latest data, the protists are divided into how many supergroups

A

Five

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27
Q

Select all the features of diplomonads

A
  • They are unicellular
  • They have two nuclei
  • They lack functional mitochondria
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28
Q

Autotrophic protists include those that are ______

A
  • photosynthetic
  • chemoautotrophic
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29
Q

Which of the following best describes reproduction among protists

A

Protist typically reproduce asexually, but some undergo sexual reproduction regularly and others reproduce sexually only at times of stress

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30
Q

What is the function of the undulating membranes in parabasalids?

A

They are used for locomotion.

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31
Q

Which of the following describes the flagella of protists in the Excavata?

A

Parabasalids and diplomonads have multiple flagella while euglenozoans have unique flagella.

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32
Q

Diplomonads are unique because they possess two ______ per cell

A

nuclei

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33
Q

What group of protists is characterized by their lack of a cell wall, having instead flexible protein strips that give them flexibility and allow them to change shape while swimming?

A

Euglenozoans

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34
Q

In Euglenoids, what is the name of the flexible structure formed by proteinaceous strips that encircle the cell?

A

Pellicle

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35
Q

The undulating membrane of parabasalids is used in which of the following

A

Locomotion

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36
Q

About a third of the approximately 170 genera of euglenoids ___________

A

have chloroplasts and are fully autotrophic

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37
Q

Among euglenozoa, the kinetoplastids are a second major group that are unique because they have _______

A

a single mitochondrion in each cell

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38
Q

Select all of the subgroups within the eukaryotic supergroup called SAR

A
  • Alveolates
  • Stramenopiles
  • Rhizaria
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39
Q

Euglenozoans exhibit extreme flexibility; they charge shape while swimming thanks to strips of _______ encircling their cells rather than a cell wall

A

protein

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40
Q

The alternation of generations in brown algae involves the production of multicellular diploid ______ and multiceullar haploid _______ generations

A
  • sporophyte
  • gametophyte
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41
Q

Euglenoids possess interlocking proteinaceous strips that can slide over each other, which form a flexible structure called the _____

A

pellicle

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42
Q

Select the true statements about the nutritional strategies of euglenozoans.

A
  • About one-third are photoautotrophic
  • About two-thirds are heterotrophic
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43
Q

Photosynthetic stramenopile protists in the phylum Chrysophyta with double silicate shells are commonly called ________

A

diatoms

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44
Q

Kinetoplastids are a group of Euglenozoa that characteristically have ________

A

a single mitochondrion

45
Q

Select all nutritional strategies of oomycetes

A
  • Saprophytic
  • Parasitic
46
Q

The Alveolata, Rhizaria, and Stramenopila make up the eukaryotic supergroup called ________

A

SAR

47
Q

In the SAR clade that includes the dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates, a common trait is the presence of flattened vesicles below the plasma membrane called ______

A

alveoli

48
Q

The _______ life cycle of the brown algae is marked by alternation of generations between multicellular sporophyte and gametophyte generations

A

haplodiplontic

49
Q

Select all features of dinoflagellates

A
  • Photosynthetic
  • Two flagella
50
Q

All oomycetes are either parasitic or _________

A

saprophytic

51
Q

Dinoflagellates are found in both ______ and ______ environments

A
  • marine
  • freshwater
52
Q

Which of the following is a branch of the supergroup SAR that is distinguished from other protists by the presence of flattened vesicles stacked in a continuous layer beneath their plasma membrane

A

Alveolates

53
Q

Which feature of dinoflagellates is responsible for flashing effects seen in warm seas at night?

A

Their ability to luminesce

54
Q

Dinoflagellate cells are usually encased in plates made of a ________ - like material

A
  • cellulose
55
Q

Which of the following statements about dinoflagellates are true

A
  • They have alveoli
  • They are protected by plates composed of a cellulose-like material
  • Their chloroplasts are similar to those of diatoms or brown algae
56
Q

Sexual reproduction in dinoflagellates occurs under which of the following conditions

A

Under starvation conditions

57
Q

Dinoflagellates are photosynthetic unicellular protists with two flagella, and they can be found in which of the following habitats

A

Both marine and freshwater environments

58
Q

Which group of protists is responsible for “red tides”

A

Dinoflagellates

59
Q

Which of the following groups of protists contains luminous members that contribute to the flashing effects seen in the sea at night

A

Dinoflagellates

60
Q

Spore-forming parasites of animals that are characterized by a structure at one end of the cell that facilitates the invasion of a host are members of what group

A

Apicomplexans

61
Q

Select all characteristics of dinoflagellate plates

A
  • They are encrusted with silica
  • They are made of a ellulose-like material
62
Q

Apicomplexans posses a unique arrangement of fibrils, microtubules, vacuoles and organelles at one end the cell, called an ______ complex

A

apical

63
Q

Dinoflagellates typically reproduce in which manner

A

By asexual reproduction

64
Q

The causative agent of malaria, Plasmodium, has a complex life cycle which involves both _______ and _______ phases inside of different hosts

A
  • sexual
  • asexual
65
Q

Diatoms are photosynthetic, _________ organisms with unique double shells made of silica

A

unicellular

66
Q

Which apicomplexan group has members that attach themselves to the intestinal epithelium of arthropods, annelids, and mollusks, with the parasite’s body remaining in the intestinal cavity, while nutrients are removed from the host via the apical complex

A

Gregarines

67
Q

Red tides are usually caused by excessive numbers of _____ in the water; these protists produce red pigments that give the phenomenon its name

A

dinoflagellates

68
Q

Which of the following are arrangements of cilia found in ciliates

A
  • In spirals around the cell
  • In longitudinal rows
69
Q

What are two general features of all apicomplexans

A
  • They are parasites of animals
  • They are spore-forming protists
70
Q

How are cilia of ciliates attached to their membrane

A

They are anchored to microtubules beneath the plasma membrane

71
Q

The unique arrangement of fibrils, microtubules, vacuoles and organelles at the end of an apicomplexan cell is called which of the following

A

Apical complex

72
Q

The causative agent of malaria, Plasmodium is transmitted through

A

the bites of infected mosquitoes in the genus Anopheles

73
Q

_______ are a group of apicomplexans that attach themselves to the intestinal epithelium of arthropods, annelids, and mollusks

A

Gregarines

74
Q

Most ciliates possess numerous cilia which are arranged either in _______ rows or in ______ around the cell

A
  • longitudinal
  • spirals
75
Q

The three major groups within the Rhizaria include which of the following

A
  • Radiolaria
  • Cercozoa
  • Foraminifera
76
Q

The cilia of ciliates are typically anchored to _____ beneath the plasma membrane

A
  • microtubules
77
Q

In ciliates, sexual reproduction involves the process of _________, during which two individual cells are attached for up to several hours

A

conjugation

78
Q

Radiolarians secrete glassy exoskeletons made of silica. Those exoskeletons _________

A

give them distinct symmetrical shapes

79
Q

Which of the following are characteristic of Foraminifera?

A
  • They are heterotrophic
  • They resemble tiny snails
  • They are marin
80
Q

Cercozoa, Foraminifera, and Radiolaria are the three groups that comprise the ______

A

Rhizaria

81
Q

What group of protists primarily dwell in the soil, use either flagella or pseudopods for movement, and sometimes have shells made of silica

A

Cercozoans

82
Q

The archaeplastid group that shares a common ancestor with the land plant is _______

A

charophyta

83
Q

Radiolarians secrete glassy exoskeletons made of which of the following

A

Silica

84
Q

What of the following are characteristics of red algae

A
  • They have a haplodiplontic life cycle with both haploid and diploid phases
  • They have unique accessory pigments, e.g., phycoerythrin that allow them to live at greater depths
85
Q

Members of the phylum Foraminifera are ________

A

heterotrophic marine organisms

86
Q

Choose all of the following structures/mechanisms that can be used for cercozoans for motility

A
  • Pseudopods
  • Flagella
87
Q

Chlorophytes and charophytes are two lineages of which type of protist

A

Green algae

88
Q

Which of the following protist groups is most closely related to the land plants

A

Charophyta

89
Q

Which of the following are not found in red algae

A
  • Flagella
  • Centrioles
90
Q

Modern chlorophytes closely resemble land plants, in part for which reason

A

Their chloroplasts are similar

91
Q

Chlamydomonas cells are small, green, and rounded, and have two _______ at their anterior end

A

flagella

92
Q

Chlamydomonas can reproduce __________

A

both sexually and asexually

93
Q

Green algae include which of the following protist groups?

A
  • Charophytes
  • Chlorophytes
94
Q

Charophytes are classified as what type of algae

A

Green

95
Q

Amoebas use their pseudopods to _______

A
  • engulf food
  • move
96
Q

Which photosynthetic pigments are found in green algae and in land plants

A

Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids

97
Q

Although there are some parasitic species, most amoeba are free-living and are found in _______ or _______ environments

A
  • water
  • soil
98
Q

Choose all features of Chlamydomonas

A
  • They are members of the green algae
  • They have two flagella at their anterior end
  • They are unicellular microscopic orgnaisms
99
Q

Select all features of the feeding phase of a plasmodial slime mold

A
  • It does not have cell walls
  • It has multiple nuclei
100
Q

Chlamydomonas can reproduce both sexually and sexually, but it is always ________

A

unicellular

101
Q

Because of its simple developmental system, this cellular slime mold is used as a model organism in studies of cell differentiation

A

Dictyostelium discoideum

102
Q

_________ is the green algal clade most closely related to land plants

A

Charophytes

103
Q

Evidence suggests that members of the Opisthokonta, called ______, are similar to the most likely common ancestor of all animals

A

choanoflagellates

104
Q

The following projections of cytoplasm that are used by many protists for locomotion are called which of the following

A

Pseudopods

105
Q

Which of the following statements about amoeba is correct

A

Most amoeba are free-living and can be found in the soil as well as freshwater

106
Q

Some slime molds produce a non-walled, multinucleate mass of cytoplasm called a(n) _________

A

plasmodium

107
Q

Cellular slime molds are important model organisms used in the study of cell ________

A

differentiation

108
Q

The common ancestor to all animals was most likely similar to which of the following organisms

A

Choanoflagellates

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