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quiz 1 study Flashcards

smartbooks chapters 23 and 25

1
Q

On a branching diagram, where should existing species be placed?

A

on twigs

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2
Q

A phylogeny is a diagram that represents

A

the hypothesized evolutionary relationships among species or higher taxa

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3
Q

________ is the study of the evolutionary relationships among organisms.

A

systematics

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4
Q

On a branching diagram, what does the joining of twigs and branches represent?

A

the pattern of common ancestry

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5
Q

Why does convergent evolution sometimes cause unrelated species to have similar adaptations?

A

because similar habitats may favor similar adaptations

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6
Q

an evolutionary ___________ occurs when a species re-evolves the characteristics of an ancestral species.

A

reversal

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7
Q

Similarity between species may not accurately predict evolutionary relationships due to ___

A
  • a variable rate of evolution
  • convergent evolution
  • evolutionary reversal
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8
Q

A similarity that arose prior to the most recent common ancestor of a group is called a(n)

A

ancestral character

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9
Q

Because they indicate recent evolutionary changes and therefore close relationships among taxa, only shared __________ characters are instructive in developing phylogenies.

A

derived

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10
Q

The process of categorizing species and determining where they belong in the taxonomic hierarchy is known as

A

classification

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11
Q

Two species may independently evolve similar characters when adapting to similar environments rather than through inheritance from a common ancestor. This process is known as

A

convergent evolution

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12
Q

Because taxa at a lower level are grouped into smaller and smaller numbers of taxa at higher levels, the taxonomic system is said to be

A

hierarchical

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13
Q

Over time, a species of salamander loses an established characteristic and instead evolves a characteristic of its ancestral species. This is an example of

A

evolutionary reversal

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14
Q

Derived characters are only shared with the most recent common ancestor of a clade, whereas _______ characters are shared with the most recent common ancestor as well as earlier ancestors.

A

ancestral

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15
Q

Only shared derived characters are instructive in determining evolutionary relationships among taxa because

A

they indicate recent evolutionary changes and are therefore exhibited in closely related taxa

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16
Q

The field of _______ involves the reconstruction and study of evolutionary relationships among organisms, whereas _______ uses that information to place organisms into species and higher order groups.

A
  • systematics
  • classification
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17
Q

Dinosaurs could be made into a monophyletic group by including

A

birds

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18
Q

The process of categorizing species and determining where they belong in the taxonomic hierarchy is known as ______

A

classification

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19
Q

According to the _______ species concept, a population should be considered a separate species if it has been evolving independently of other groups of populations.

A

phylogenetic

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20
Q

A potential problem with the phylogenetic species concept is that

A

it may recognize even slightly differentiated populations as separate species

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21
Q

(Monophyletic, paraphyletic, or polyphyletic?) According to this phylogeny, a hypothetical clade that included bats and hawks only will be

A

polyphyletic

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22
Q

Reptiles, algae, and bryophytes are examples of groups that

A

have undergone recent reclassification in light of new data

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23
Q

phylogenies can be used to determine ________ relationships between species

A

evolutionary

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24
Q

How are homologous and homoplastic traits different?

A

homologous traits are inherited from a common ancestor; homoplastic traits are not

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25
Q

Based on this phylogeny, the archosaurs are a

A

monophyletic group

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26
Q

In dinosaurs, crocodiles, and birds, parental care is a homologous trait because

A

it was inherited from their common ancestor that also cared for its young

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27
Q

Phylogenies provide information about

A
  • how evolution occurred
  • evolutionary relationships among species
28
Q

Contrary to current classification, in a new phylogeny, two species of blue beetles do not share a common ancestor with blue pigmentation. This is evidence that blue pigmentation in these species might be an example of

A

homoplasy

29
Q

______ traits are derived from the same ancestral structure or source whereas ______ traits only appear similar, arising independently through convergent evolution.

A
  • homologous
  • homoplastic
30
Q

Theropods, the dinosaur ancestors of birds, possessed feather-like structures but were unable to fly. For that reason, scientists hypothesize that feathers may have originally evolved as an adaptation for

A

insulation

31
Q

The phylogenetic species concept has an advantage over other species concepts in that it can be applied to populations that reproduce both _______ and _______

A
  • sexually
  • asexually
32
Q

Because parental care was likely exhibited by the common ancestor of dinosaurs, crocodiles, and birds, it is a

A

homologous trait

33
Q

Upon examination of a recently constructed phylogenetic tree for a family of south Asian plant species, you determine that, contrary to current classification, two species of plant that possess spines do not share a common ancestor with spines. This is evidence that presence of spines in these species is a

A

homoplasy

34
Q

Scientists can distinguish between competing hypotheses on the patterns of biological diversity through the use of ________ methods

A

phylogenetic

35
Q

Saber teeth in saber-toothed cats, marsupials, and nimravids are

A

homoplastic because they evolved independently in each group as a result of convergent evolution

36
Q

The first stage in the evolution of a complex character is often an adaptation to some environmental selective pressure that is

A

different from that for which the character is currently adapted

37
Q

Patterns in the diversity, incidence, and evolution of HIV indicate that it originated in _________ , while blood samples and application of the molecular clock place the origin event in the __________

A
  • africa
  • 1920s
38
Q

Which of the following examples is likely a case of evolutionary reversal?

A

re-evolution of the larval stage in limpets

39
Q

HIV most likely jumped from primates to humans due to human contact with

A

blood

40
Q

Based on phylogenetic analysis, what is the most likely animal species, from which SARS-CoV-2 jumped into humans?

A

bats

41
Q

The information presented in this phylogenetic tree indicates that presence of a larval stage evolved in the clade designated by the light blue box in what way?

A

it represent evolutionary reversal that occurred twice within the clade

42
Q

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the Hadean Earth?

A

hadean earth could not have supported life because of the hot mass of molten rock during this period

43
Q

The early atmosphere of planet Earth probably had which of the following?

A

high levels of CO2

44
Q

the _______ eon contains most of the biological history of the diversification of multicellular life.

A

phanerozoic

45
Q

Compared to today’s atmosphere, Hadean Earth was which of the following?

A

a dynamic environment, shifting between a fiery and sometimes frozen earth, that was unlikely to have supported life

46
Q

During the early geological history of our planet, carbon dioxide sometimes increased, and sometimes decreased. When carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere decreased, what happened to the temperature on Earth?

A

it cooled

47
Q

Under which of the following scenarios is early life on Earth least likely to have arisen?

A

in an ice-covered ocean during a snowball earth event

48
Q

The first three eons in the geological time scale are known as the because they preceded the period

A
  • hadean
  • archean
  • proterozoic
49
Q

An atmosphere formed by the presence of water vapor, hydrogen gas, methane, and ammonia, and a lack of oxygen, is called a(n) ________ atmosphere

A

reducing

50
Q

the first __________ on Earth may have arisen in hydrothermal deep-sea vents, at the shore, or elsewhere in a diluted chemical ocean.

A

life

51
Q

The Miller-Urey experiment assembled a reducing atmosphere rich in ______ with no oxygen over liquid water at ____

A
  • hydrogen
  • 100
52
Q

Biological nitrogen fixation is catalyzed by the enzyme which is only found in prokaryotes.

A

nitrogenase

53
Q

Choose features of RNA that make it a better candidate for having been the first information storage molecule.

A
  • it can store information
  • it can act as a catalyst
54
Q

There were two large pulses of oxygen into the atmosphere, one during the late ______ eon and the other during the late ______ eon

A
  • archaean
  • proterozoic
55
Q

Which statement summarizes current hypotheses for the metabolism of the first living things?

A

they could have been either heterotrophs or autotrophs

56
Q

Which two of the following macromolecules may have composed a vesicle (or bubble) from which living cells arose?

A
  • lipids
  • proteins
57
Q

According to some scientists, early organisms were autotrophs with the ability oxidize compounds for use as an energy source.

A
  • organic
  • inorganic
58
Q

Living cells may have arisen from the reaction of organic molecules contained within a ________ or _______ bubble

A
  • protein
  • lipid
59
Q

Dome-shaped structures made of mats of cyanobacteria and trapped mineral deposits called can be found throughout the world; some are as old as 2.7 billion years.

A

stromatolites

60
Q

Organic molecules which are clearly of biological origin are called

A

biomarkers

61
Q

Dramatic shifts in which of the following have led to mass extinctions and influenced the course of evolution?

A
  • atmospheric composition
  • climate
62
Q

Extreme drops in temperature causing glacial ice to cover Earth from pole to pole results in a phenomenon called

A

snowball earth

63
Q

The action of the shifting continental of Earth has important effects on the course of ____ of living organisms by reproductively isolating populations or allowing previously separated populations to interbreed.

A

evolution

64
Q

Changes in the concentration of gases such as O2, N2, CO2, and CH4 in the _____ have had important effects on the evolution of life on Earth.

A

atmosphere

65
Q

The first organisms and only living cells on Earth for more than a billion years were _____ and ____

A
  • bacteria
  • archaea
66
Q

When a small cell is engulfed by a larger cell and eventually becomes part of the larger cell, it is called

A

endosymbiosis

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