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quiz 6 study Flashcards

chapter 29 smartbook

1
Q

Why were fungi important in the colonization of land by plants?

A

They enhanced nutrient uptake from soil

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2
Q

The adaptation of plants to a terrestrial environment required __________

A

better water loss management

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3
Q

Choose all features of the alga ancestor of land plants

A
  • lived in freshwater
  • photosynthetic
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4
Q

The charophytes, a phylum of ______ ______ that live in freshwater, are close relatives to the ancestral alga that gave rise to all land plants

A
  • green
  • algae
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5
Q

Which of the following distinguish land plants from the clade of green algae known as the charophytes?

A
  • Diploid embryos
  • Multicellular gametophytes
  • Multicellular sporophytes
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6
Q

The colonization of land by plants was facilitated by _______, which helped enhance the uptake of nutrients from the soil

A

fungi

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7
Q

A major adaptation to a terrestrial lifestyle in land plants is ______

A

a cuticle on exposed surfaces

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8
Q

Choose all features that confined the green algal ancestors of plants to water

A
  • less eater availability in a terrestrial environment
  • higher levels of UV light on land
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9
Q

Unlike other land plants, tracheophytes have specialized tissue that _______

A

conducts water and food

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10
Q

Land plants evolved from _______

A

freshwater green algae

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11
Q

organisms that exhibit a haplodiplontic life cycle have _______

A

multicellular haploid and diploid stages

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12
Q

What extant organisms are the closest known relatives to the land of plants?

A

Charophytes

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13
Q

In this plant life cycle, the _______ generation is represented by letter A, while the ________ generation is represented by letter B

A
  • gametophyte
  • sporophyte
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14
Q

Which of the following are characteristics of all (with a few exceptions, such as parasites plants) land plants?

A
  • Diploid embryos
  • Multicellular haploid and diploid generations
  • The ability to photosynthesize
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15
Q

Select all adaptions of land plants that distinguish them from their algal relatives

A
  • The presence of specialized water transporting tissues
  • The presence of a waxy cuticle on air-exposed surfaces
  • The presence of stomata for gas exchange
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16
Q

In plants, the gametophyte produces ______ and the sporophyte produces ______

A
  • gametes
  • spores
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17
Q

A typical land plant has a(n) ______ life cycle, which includes multicellular haploid and diploid stages

A

haplodiplontic

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18
Q

In plants, meiosis occurs within what structure

A

Sporangia

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19
Q

Which of the following distinguish land plants from the clade of green algae known as the charophytes

A
  • Multicellular sporophytes
  • Diploid embryos
  • Multicellular gametophytes
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20
Q

Which of the following are involved in haploid gamete production in land plants?

A
  • Gametophyte
  • Mitosis
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21
Q

In plants, the haploid generation is called the _____, and the diploid generation is the ______

A
  • gametophyte
  • sporophyte
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22
Q

In mosses and ferns, the haploid (gametophyte) generation occupies _____

A

larger portion of the cycle than it does in seed plants

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23
Q

In plants, spores are produced within sporangia through the process of _______

A

meiosis

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24
Q

The _______, also known as nontracheophytes, are the closet living descendants of the first land plants

A

bryophytes

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25
Q

In this plant life cycle, the _______ generation is represented by letter A, while the _____ generation is represented by letter B

A
  • gametophyte
  • sporophyte
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26
Q

Together, the Hepaticophyta, Bryophyta, and Anthocerotophyta make up what clade?

A

Bryophytes

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27
Q

The main role of plant gametophytes is to produce _____

A

haploid gametes

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28
Q

The gametophyte of bryophytes has simple conducting cells rather than true vascular tissue for the transport of ______ and ______

A
  • water
  • nutrients
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29
Q

In mosses and ferns, the gametophyte generation is _____

A

photosynthetic and free-living

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30
Q

In bryophytes, sperm and egg unite to produce ______

A

a sporophyte that grows upright from a ground-dwelling gametophyte

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31
Q

The closet living descendants of the first land plants are the _____

A

bryophytes

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32
Q

The term “wort” (wyrt) in liverwort means ______

A

herb

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33
Q

Which phyla are included within the bryophyte clade?

A
  • Bryophyta (mosses)
  • Hepaticophyta (liverworts)
  • Anthocerotophyta (hornworts)
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34
Q

In liverworts, the well-known flattened species are lobed and resemble the _____, whereas the _____ form is much more common

A
  • liver
  • leafy
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35
Q

Select all major limiting factors for the establishment of early terrestrial plant life

A
  • Water availability
  • Carbon dioxide
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36
Q

Select all features of liverworts

A
  • They may be leafy or lobed
  • Gametophytes have rhizoids
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37
Q

In bryophytes, water and nutrients are transported throughout the gametophyte by ______

A

simple conducting cells

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38
Q

Mosses differ from other bryophytes because their gametophytes ________

A

produce structures that look like leaves and stems

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39
Q

The ______ of bryophytes are carried away from the sporophyte by air currents, germinating into _____ if they land in moist environment

A
  • spores
  • gametophytes
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40
Q

an important difference that distinguishes the leaflike structures of moss gametophytes from true leaves is ______

A

the lack of vascular tissue

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41
Q

Which plant group was named after its lobed growth form?

A

liverworts

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42
Q

In mosses, male gametangia are called _____, while female gametangia are called ________

A
  • antheridia
  • archegonia
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43
Q

The most common type of liverwort is ______

A

leafy

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44
Q

In this moss life cycle,, the male gametophyte generation is indicated by the letter ____, while the female gametophyte generation is indicated by the letter ______

A
  • A
  • B
45
Q

Liverworts reproduce through _____

A

sexual and asexual means

46
Q

Select all structures produced by mosses

A
  • Sporangia
  • Rhizoids
47
Q

One reason bryophytes require water for fertilization is because their sperm are _____

A

flagellated

48
Q

Select all ways in which moss leaflike structures differ from true leaves

A
  • They lack veins
  • Most of their surface is one cell layer thick
  • They lack stomata
49
Q

Choose the answers that describe the typical shapes of moss sporangia

A
  • Club-shaped
  • Cylindrical
50
Q

Antheridia and archegonia produce which of the following, respectively

A

sperm and eggs

51
Q

Hornwort gametophytes are typically provided with nitrogen by their symbiotic, nitrogen-fixing ______

A

cyanobacteria

52
Q

(diploid or haploid) In this moss life cycle, the structure indicated by letter A is _____ and the structure indicated by letter C is ______

A
  • haploid
  • diploid
53
Q

Select all features of liverworts

A
  • They may be leafy or lobed
  • Gametophytes have rhizoids
54
Q

What clade arose approximately 410 million years ago

A

Tracheophytes

55
Q

In bryophytes, the sperm are flagellated and have to swim to the archegonia; therefore, the presence of _____ is necessary for fertilization

A

water

56
Q

The first known vascular land plant was ____

A

Cooksonia

57
Q

How does a moss sporophyte acquire nutrients

A

From the gametophyte

58
Q

A plant is said to be _____ if all of its spores are similar in appearance

A

homosporous

59
Q

Select all true statements about hornworts

A
  • Their gametophytes are photosynthetic
  • Their sporophytes have stomata
  • Of all bryophytes, their sporophytes are most similar to those of vascular plants
60
Q

Choose the two types of vascular tissue

A
  • Phloem
  • Xylem
61
Q

In this moss life cycle, the male gametophyte generation is indicated by the letter _____, while the female gametophyte generation is indicated by the letter _____

A
  • A
  • B
62
Q

Xylem and phloem _____

A

conduct minerals and sucrose, respectively

63
Q

Tracheophytes first arose approximately how many years ago

A

410 million

64
Q

What is a common function of the waxy cuticle and stomata on the above-ground parts of tracheophyte sporophytes

A

Reduction of water loss

65
Q

Which of the following is a more effective type of water transporting cell that appeared later in the evolution of vascular plants?

A

Vessel element

66
Q

Plants that produce one spore type are called ______

A

homosporous

67
Q

The tree clades of vascular plants are the lycophytes, the pterophytes, and the _____ plants

A

seed

68
Q

Choose all that are carried in vascular tissue

A
  • Minerals
  • Hormones
  • Sucrose
  • Water
69
Q

The earliest vascular plants had _____

A

stems but not roots

70
Q

The vascular tissue that conducts water and minerals is called ______ while the vascular tissue that conducts sucrose and hormones is called ______

A
  • xylem
  • phloem
71
Q

All vascular plant sporophytes have a waxy _____ and pores called _____ to help prevent water loss

A
  • cuticle
  • stomata
72
Q

The xylem of early vascular plants is characterized by the presence of a single type of conductive cell known as a(n) ________

A

tracheid

73
Q

Select all three clades of vascular plants that exist today

A
  • Pterophytes
  • Seed plants
  • Lycophytes
74
Q

Select all functions of roots

A
  • Transport of water
  • Plant support
75
Q

During the evolution of plant vascular tissues, which developed first?

A

Stems

76
Q

Roots likely evolved ______

A

at least twice

77
Q

Select all types of leaves found in vascular plants

A
  • Euphylls
  • Lycophylls
78
Q

Which of the following is a more effective type of water transporting cell that appeared later in the evolution of vascular plants

A

vessel element

79
Q

What structure functions both in support of the plant and transport of water and nutrients in tracheophytes

A

Roots

80
Q

Scientific evidence suggests that leaves evolved at least how many times

A

Twice

81
Q

Based on fossil evidence, which group of tracheophytes likely diverged from other tracheophytes before roots appeared

A

Lycophytes

82
Q

Select all adaptive features of seeds

A
  • They nourish the embryo
  • They protect the embryo
83
Q

Evidence suggests that leaves evolved more than once; ______ are small leaves found in the lycophytes and _______ are the true leaves of ferns and seed plants

A
  • lycophylls
  • euphylls
84
Q

The sister group to all other vascular plants is the ______

A

lycophytes

85
Q

The xylem of early vascular plants is characterized by the presence of a single type of conductive cell known as a(n) __________

A

tracheids

86
Q

Euphylls likely evolved when ______

A

branching stems become webbed with photosynthetic tissue

87
Q

Although some lycophytes have photosynthetic gametophytes, the gametophytes of other lycophyte species may grow below ground and obtain nourishment from a symbiotic relationship with soil ________

A

fungi

88
Q

Unlike bryophytes, lycophytes ________

A

produce vascular tissue

89
Q

Seeds are very resistant structures, that can ______ and nourish the young ______

A
  • protect
  • plant
90
Q

Select all features common to whisk ferns, horsetails, and ferns

A
  • They require free water for fertilization
  • They form antheridia and archegonia
91
Q

The lycophytes are the sister group to ________

A

all other vascular plants

92
Q

Select all true statements about whisk fern sporophytes

A
  • They are photosynthetic (green)
  • They lack true leaves
93
Q

Which of the following is more effective type of water transporting cell that appeared later in the evolution of vascular plants

A

Vessel element

94
Q

Choose all features of lycophyte gametophyte

A
  • It is free-living in most lycophytes
  • It produces both sperm and egg cells
95
Q

A unique feature of whisk fern gametophytes is that some ______

A

produce vascular tissue

96
Q

Select all true statements about lycophytes

A
  • In lycophytes, the sporophyte generation is dominant
  • Despite resembling true mosses, lycophytes have vascular tissues
97
Q

Which statement accurately describes members of the genus Equisetum

A

They are horsetails and can be up to 3 m high

98
Q

A common feature of whisk ferns and horsetails is that they both have sperm with _______; for that reason, those plants require free water for ________

A
  • flagella
  • fertilization
99
Q

Among the seedless vascular plants, the most abundant group is the ________

A

ferns

100
Q

The sporophyte of what plant group consists of evenly forking photosynthetic stems that lack roots and leaves

A

whisk ferns

101
Q

On this generalized life cycle of a fern plant, the sporophyte is indicated by letter _____ and the gametophyte is indicated by letter ______

A
  • B
  • D
102
Q

The xylem of early vascular plant is characterized by the presence of a single type of conductive cell known as a(n) _________

A

tracheid

103
Q

Fern gametophytes are typically _______

A

heart-shaped and cell one layer thick, except in the center

104
Q

Select all features of whisk fern gametophytes

A
  • They associate with fungi for nutrient uptake
  • They are colorless
105
Q

A fern embryo is produced when ______

A

a sperm swims to an egg

106
Q

All known horsetails are members of the game genus, _______

A

Equisetum

107
Q

The closet relatives of seed plants are most likely ______

A

ferns

108
Q

A similarity between fern gametophytes and sporophytes is that they ______

A

are photosynthetic

109
Q

In the fern life cycle, a new fern sporophyte is created when a sperm cell produced in the _____ fertilizes a single egg housed in a(n) _____ which allows the formation of a zygote

A
  • antheridium
  • archegonium

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