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quiz 3 study Flashcards

chapter 27 smartbook

1
Q

Bacteria and ______ are collectively referred to as prokaryotes.

A

archaea

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2
Q

For every single eukaryotic cell in the human body, there are roughly how many prokatyotic cells?

A

One prokaryotic cell

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3
Q

Which scientist first observed microorganisms with his homemade microscope?

A

Dutch scientist Antony van Leeuwenhoek

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4
Q

Which scientist settled the argument over spontaneous generation?

A

Louis Pasteur

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5
Q

Which of the following are Koch’s postulates to prove a causal relationship between a microorganism and disease?

A
  • The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease and absent from healthy individuals
  • The putative causative agent must be isolated and grown in pure culture
  • The same disease must result when the cultured microorganism is used to infect a healthy host
  • The same microorganism must be isolated again from the diseased host
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6
Q

Organisms in the domain Bacteria and Archaea are collectively referred to as ______.

A

prokaryotes

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7
Q

How long were prokaryotes the only living things on Earth before the evolution of eukaryotic cells?

A

Over one billion years

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8
Q

Which of the following are the most abundant organisms on Earth

A

Prokaryotes

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9
Q

Dutch scientist Antony van Leeuwenhoek was the first scientist to ______.

A

observe and accurately describe microbial life

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10
Q

Ancient photosynthetic bacteria are thought to have generated the first _______ -rich atmosphere on Earth, paving the way for the rise of the eukaryotes.

A

oxygen

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11
Q

One of the most important scientific contributions of the french microbiologist Louis Pasteur was that he _______.

A

refuted the idea of spontaneous generation

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12
Q

In the 19th century, German physician Robert Koch proposed four postulates that serve to ________.

A

prove a causal relationship between a microorganism and a disease

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13
Q

As the oldest form of life, prokaryotes were the only living organisms on Earth for over _______ _______ years.

A
  • one
  • billion
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14
Q

Prokaryotic organisms, such as bacteria and archaea, are (with very few exceptions) _______ .

A

unicellular organisms

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15
Q

The early atmosphere of Earth was altered by photosynthetic bacteria (cyanobacteria) because ________.

A

they were able to produce oxygen

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16
Q

The majority of prokaryotic cells are ______ μm or less in diameter; eukaryotic cells are typically _____ times that size.

A
  • 1
  • 10
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17
Q

Prokaryotes have a single circular molecule of DNA that is condensed and forms a visible region of the cell called the _____ region

A

nucleoid

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18
Q

Although the cells of some prokaryotic species may adhere to one another within a matrix or form filaments, prokaryotes are fundamentally __________.

A

unicellular

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19
Q

How many chromosomes are typically found in a bacterial cell?

A

one

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20
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of prokaryotes?

A

They don’t have membrane-bound organelles

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21
Q

The size of prokaryotic cells has been found to vary over ______

A

five orders of magnitude

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22
Q

Some bacteria have filaments of protein which extend from their surface. These structures can be involved in gene exchange, attachment, and occasionally motility, and are called ________ or __________ .

A
  • pili
  • fimbriae
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23
Q

Which statement about the genomes of prokaryotes is correct?

A

The prokaryotic chromosome is not contained within a nucleus but rather forms the nucleoid region

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24
Q

Which of the following exhibit the greatest metabolic and nutritional diversity?

A

Prokaryotes

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25
Q

Although bacteria and archaea are very similar, they differ in several key areas. Which of the following is a key difference in their plasma membrane?

A

Archaeal membrane lipids contain either bonds

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26
Q

Most prokaryotes have a single circular chromosome(s) made up of which of the following?

A

DNA and protein

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27
Q

Which of the following are characteristics used by early taxonomists to classify prokaryotes?

A
  • Motile or nonmotile
  • Human pathogen or not
  • Photosynthetic or nonphotosynthetic
  • unicellular or colony-forming or filamentous
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28
Q

Identify two characteristics of prokaryotes from the list below.

A
  • No internal compartments
  • No membrane-bound organelles
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29
Q

Which of the following are functions of bacterial pili?

A
  • Motility
  • Exchange of genetic material
  • Attachment of pathogens
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30
Q

Which of the following is reflective of the metabolic and nutritional diversity of prokaryotes?

A
  • The ability to use different strategies to obtain energy
  • The use of organic and inorganic electron donors and acceptors
  • The fermentation of variety of organic substances
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31
Q

Both bacteria and archaea have cell walls, but the cell walls are chemically different between the two. Which describes the cell wall of the Archaea?

A

They lack peptidoglycan

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32
Q

Early taxonomies used characteristics which were easily observable or detectable with the use of a _______ to classify prokaryotes

A

microscope

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33
Q

The cell wall is the most important contributor to which of the following characteristics of the bacterial cell?

A

Shape

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34
Q

The archaea do not possess peptidoglycan, but some have a similar structure called _________ .

A

pseudomurein

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35
Q

The cell walls of most bacteria contain a polymer called _______

A

peptidoglycan

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36
Q

What are the three basic shapes of prokaryotes?

A
  • Coccus
  • Bacillus
  • Spirillum
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37
Q

A staining process called the _____ _____ classifies bacteria into two groups depending on how much peptidoglycan is contained in their cell walls.

A
  • gram
  • staining
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38
Q

Gram- _______ bacteria have a relatively thin peptidoglycan layer in their cell walls, and appear red after a Gram stain.

A

negative

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39
Q

Mycoplasmas are examples of bacterial cells that lack a cell wall and therefore do not have a set _______

A

shape

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40
Q

Which of the following is a polymer that makes up the cell wall of archaea and is not found in bacteria?

A

Pseudomurein

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41
Q

Which of these is not part of the Gram stain procedure?

A

Slide is exposed to methylene blue

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42
Q

Peptidoglycan is an important component of the cell walls of which microbes?

A

Most bacteria

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43
Q

The cell wall of a gram-negative bacterium contains

A

a thin peptidoglycan layer with an outer membrane

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44
Q

How many types of bacteria can be identified using the Gram stain?

A

Two

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45
Q

The gram-positive cell wall contains peptidoglycan, _______ acid, and _______ acid.

A
  • teichoic
  • lipoteichoic
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46
Q

Gram-positive bacteria have cell walls with a thick ______ layer and appear _____ after the Gram staining procedure

A
  • peptidoglycan
  • purple
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47
Q

The _____ membrane of gram-negative bacteria enables these organisms to resist the effects of many antibiotics.

A

outer

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48
Q

Which is the correct order of reagents in the Gram stain procedure

A

Crystal violet, iodine, alcohol, safranin

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49
Q

Which type of bacterium has a thin peptidoglycan cell wall with an outer lipopolysaccharide layer?

A

Gram-negative

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50
Q

The bulk of the gram-positive cell wall is a homogeneous sheath of which of the following?

A

Peptidoglycan

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51
Q

Which structure of gram-negative bacteria enables them to resist the effects of penicillin and similar antibiotics that interfere with cell-wall synthesis?

A

Outer membrane

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52
Q

Which of the following describes the bacterial capsule?

A

An additional gelatinous layer that surrounds the other wall layers

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53
Q

A _______ may be found on the outer surface of a prokaryotic cell in order to propel or move the organism.

A

flagella

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54
Q

What are two functions of bacterial pili?

A
  • Exchange of genetic material
  • Adhesion
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55
Q

In response to harsh conditions, some species of bacteria form a dormant state known as which of the following?

A

An endospore

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56
Q

In some prokaryotes, respiratory or photosynthetic proteins can be found in membrane ______ which provide an increased surface area.

A

folds

57
Q

Some bacteria have an additional gelatinous layer that surrounds the other wall layers and contributes to their ability to adhere to surfaces and to cause disease. What is this layer called?

A

Capsule

58
Q

Which structure found on the outer surface of some prokaryotic cells functions in propelling the the organism in a fluid environment?

A

Flagellum

59
Q

A ________ is a small independently replicating circle of accessory DNA found in many prokaryotic cells.

A

plasmid

60
Q

Bacterial __________ function in attachment and the exchange of genetic material.

A

pili

61
Q

Some bacteria survive harsh conditions in a dormant state, existing in structures called _____

A

endospores

62
Q

Prokaryotes can store excess proteins in cellular aggregations called ________

A

inclusion bodies

63
Q

Some prokaryotes can form membrane folds that contain respiratory or photosynthetic proteins. How do these membrane folds help to increase metabolic efficiency?

A

They provide an increased surface area

64
Q

Unlike horizontal gene transfer, ______ gene transfer occurs when genes are passed from one generation to the next

A

vertical

65
Q

A small, independently replicating circle of DNA that is found in many prokaryotic cells and contains a small number of genes, that may confer advantage to the cell in certain conditions, is called a _______

A

plasmid

66
Q

Natural _____ occurs when a cell dies and releases its contents into the surrounding environment and DNA fragments are taken up by other living cells.

A

transformation

67
Q

Prokaryotes store materials, such as sources of carbon or sources of chemical potential energy, in cellular aggregations called _____ bodies

A

inclusion

68
Q

When a phage with lytic life cycle packages a random bacterial DNA fragment instead of phage DNA and injects the bacterial DNA into another bacterial cell, this is referred to as which of the following?

A

Generalized transduction

69
Q

While prokaryotes do not reproduce sexually, DNA can be exchange between different cells of the same species or between cells of different species. This is known as ______ gene transfer

A

horizontal

70
Q

A bacterial cell that can acquire DNA fragments through natural transformation is said to be ________

A

competent

71
Q

Which of the following describes the F plasmid?

A

It contains its own DNA replication origin and several genes that promote its transfer to other cells

72
Q

In ________ transduction, virtually any gene can be transferred between cells, while in ______ transduction, only a few specific genes are transferred

A
  • generalized
  • specialized
73
Q

Once a pilus forms and connects a donor and a recipient cell, it is called a ________ _______

A
  • conjugation
  • bridge
74
Q

Generalized transduction occurs when a lytic phage erroneously packages ________ DNA and injects it into a newly infected bacterial cell rather than _______ DNA.

A
  • bacterial
  • viral
75
Q

Assimilation of DNA fragments from dead bacterial cells is called which of the following?

A

Natural transformation

76
Q

The integration of the F plasmid into the host chromosome takes advantage of regions in the F plasmid and host chromosome called _______

A

insertion sequences

77
Q

The F plasmid carries the information for which of the following?

A

The formation of a hollow pilus

78
Q

The _____ plasmid can integrate into the host chromosome by recombining with it. The result is an Hfr cell.

A

F

79
Q

Which of the following statements is true of F plasmid replication and transfer?

A

A single strand of the plasmid passes from the donor cell into the recipient cell then a complementary strand is added by the recipient cell

80
Q

Which of the following best describes generalized transduction by a virus?

A

The virus injects incorrectly packaged bacterial DNA into an infected cell instead of viral DNA

81
Q

Because of horizontal gene transfer, antibiotic ________ can easily spread through bacterial populations

A

resistance

82
Q

Antibiotic-resistant strains of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus that are often acquired in hospitals but are becoming more common outside of the hospital setting are called _______

A

methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

83
Q

What is the purpose of the Ames test?

A

To identify mutagenic compounds

84
Q

What process allows the F plasmid to integrate into the host chromosome, once it has been transferred to a recipient cell.

A

Recombination

85
Q

What is the purpose of CRISPR systems in prokaryotes?

A

Providing adaptive immunity to viral infection

86
Q

Prokaryotes that obtain their energy from inorganic CO2 are _______ whereas those that require reduced forms of carbon are _________

A
  • autotrophs
  • heterotrophs
87
Q

In a hypothetical situation, the genes for sex pilus construction and for tetracycline resistance are located together on the same plasmid within a particular bacterium. If this bacterium readily performs conjugation involving a copy of this plasmid, then the result should be which of the following?

A

The rapid spread of tetracycline resistance to other bacteria in a favorable habitat

88
Q

Which of the following group of organisms exhibits the widest range of electron donors and acceptors that can be used in cellular respiration?

A

Prokaryotes

89
Q

What type of Staphylococcus aureus has been acquired in hospital settings for some time and is now being observed in community-acquired infections?

A

Methicilin-resistant

90
Q

The return of atoms found in living things to the physical environment after organisms die, is called _________.

A

decomposition

91
Q

The _____ test is a screening procedure that can identify mutagenic compounds using bacteria grown on artificial media in the lab.

A

Ames

92
Q

In the process of ______, an element is transformed from an inorganic form to an organic form, which can then be used by heterotrophic organisms.

A

fixation

93
Q

Prokaryotes defend themselves against viral infection in which of the following ways?

A
  • The CRISPR system
  • Toxin-antitoxin systems
  • Restriction-modification systems
94
Q

Prokaryotes ____ carbon from inorganic CO2 through the process of photosynthesis, allowing other organisms to use the organic compounds they produce.

A

fix

95
Q

Organisms that can produce all the organic carbon compounds they need to survive from CO2 are known as which of the following?

A

Autotrophs

96
Q

Even today, prokaryotes contribute to the addition of _______ to Earth’s atmosphere as a byproduct of carbon fixation by photosynthesis

A

oxygen

97
Q

When performing cellular respiration _____ uses oxygen as their terminal electron acceptor, while _____ can use oxygen and many other compounds, such as nitrate, and sulfate.

A

eukaryotes and prokaryotes

98
Q

Nitrogen ______ is the removal of nitrogen from the gaseous phase, transforming it into ammonia, which eventually becomes organic nitrogen

A

fixation

99
Q

Chemical elements such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur are released from dead organisms back to the physical environment by prokaryotes and fungi that are called ________

A

decomposers

100
Q

In the mutualistic symbiosis between bacteria in the family Rhizobiaceae and leguminous plants, how do the two organisms benefit?

A

Plants receive fixed nitrogen, while bacteria receive sugars

101
Q

What term describes the process of returning elements from inorganic forms to forms that heterotrophic organisms can use?

A

Fixation

102
Q

Which term refers to the sum total of all microbes found on and within a human individual?

A

Microbiome

103
Q

Some prokaryotes are able to fix carbon from inorganic CO2
through the process of _______

A

photosynthesis

104
Q

Which of the following was responsible for adding oxygen to Earth’s atmosphere billions of years ago?

A

Cyanobacteria

105
Q

Which of the following diseases are the result of an infection by a pathogenic bacterium?

A
  • Whooping cough
  • Cholera
  • Tetanus
106
Q

Nitrogen fixation involves the conversion of

A

N2 gas to ammonia, which is used to make amino acids

107
Q

Bacteria in the family Rhizobiaceae form associations with ______ plants; the bacteria live in specialized root ______ where then fix nitrogen for their hosts

A
  • legume
  • nodule
108
Q

The causative agent of Lyme disease is spread to human by ______ ______, such as ticks

A
  • arthropod
  • vectors
109
Q

The collective population of all microbes found on or in a human individual is referred to as the human _______

A

microbiome

110
Q

Once they have established an infection and evaded the initial immune response, pathogenic bacteria can cause disease by directly damaging tissues, releasing _____, or stimulating an _______ response that harms the host

A
  • toxins
  • inflammatory
111
Q

Which of the following are open to the environment and allow pathogens to access mucosal epithelia?

A
  • Urogenital system
  • Respiratory system
  • Gastrointestinal system
112
Q

Cholera, Lyme disease, scarlet fever, and pneumonia are all examples of diseases caused by ______

A

bacteria

113
Q

Which of the following are ways in which pathogens can avoid phagocytosis?

A
  • They colonize areas that are inaccessible to phagocytes
  • They produce molecules that block the attraction of phagocytes
  • They infect and live inside of host cells
114
Q

During nitrogen fixation, what is incorporated into organic matter?

A

Nitrogen gas from the atmosphere

115
Q

Bacteria can generally produce two types of toxins: _______, which are lipopolysaccharides (LPS) found in the cell wall, and _______, which are proteins secreted by pathogens

A
  • endotoxins
  • exotoxins
116
Q

Pathogenic bacteria posses _______ factors, such as pili, capsules, and S-layers, that promote attachment to host tissues.

A

virulence

117
Q

Which of the following are true of tuberculosis?

A
  • It is transmitted from one person to another through the air
  • It is second only to HIV? AIDS as the number one killer worldwide from a single infectious agent
118
Q

Some pathogens produce molecules that look like host cell molecules and present them on their surface. This allows the pathogens to __________

A

avoid phagocytosis

119
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of what disease?

A

TB

120
Q

The chemical nature of an exotoxin is _______ while that of an endotoxin is _________

A
  • protein
  • lipopolysaccharide
121
Q

The bacterium that causes tuberculosis is most commonly found in the upper ______ tract

A

respiratory

122
Q

Which of these is the causative agent in the majority of cases of peptic ulcer disease?

A

Helicobacter pylori

123
Q

Which of the following are sexually transmitted diseases caused by bacteria?

A
  • Syphilis
  • Chlamydia
  • Gonorrhea
124
Q

What bacterial disease is second only to HIV/AIDS in the number of people killed worldwide from a single infectious agent?

A

Tuberculosis

125
Q

Gonorrhea is one of the most common communicable disease and is caused by which of the following?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

126
Q

Which of the following bacteria is the causative agent of TB?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

127
Q

Tuberculosis mainly affects which of the following?

A

Respiratory system

128
Q

Women with chlamydia infection usually experience no symptoms until after the infection has become established. For that reason, chlamydia is referred to as ______

A

a silent STD

129
Q

The bacterium Helicobacter pylori is known to cause _______

A

ulcers

130
Q

In part because symptoms are not usually apparent until an infection becomes established, what bacterial STDs has greatly increased in incidence since 1984?

A

Chlamydia

131
Q

Chlamydia, syphilis, and gonorrhea are all examples of ________

A

bacterial sexually transmitted diseases

132
Q

Recent studies show that infection of the male or female reproductive tract by chlamydia can cause which of the following diseases?

A

Heart disease

133
Q

Gonorrhea is generally spread through which of the following?

A
  • From mother to baby during birth
  • Sexual intercourse
134
Q

Which of the following diseases is particularly serious in women, with the potential to cause heart disease, pelvic inflammatory disease, sterility, and even death?

A

Chlamydia

135
Q

Chlamydia is often labeled as a silent STD because women with chlamydia infection

A

usually experience no symptoms until after the infection has become established

136
Q

Since 1984, the incidence of chlamydia has ______

A

greatly increased

137
Q

In individuals infected with chlamydiae, immune system cells can attack cardiac muscle fibers causing inflammation of the heart because

A

chlamydiae produce a peptide that is similar to one produced by cardiac muscle

138
Q

Which of the following can be caused by an established chlamydia infection in the female body?

A
  • Sterility
  • Heart disease
  • Death
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease

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