Quiz 9/4

Question 1

Communication between cells is accomplished mainly by ___________ means

Answer 1

chemical

Question 2

It is absolutely essential for multi-cellular organisms to survive and function properly

Answer 2

Cell to cell communication

Question 3

Involves physical contact between cells or organisms

Answer 3

Direct

Question 4

The 3 types of signaling that can occur between cells and organisms

Answer 4

direct, local, and long distance

Question 5

What happens in local signaling?

Answer 5

Growth factors that are released into a localized area. (Usually for normal growth or repair)

Question 6

Two examples of long distance signaling

Answer 6

Hormones and Pheromones

Question 7

They are released in one part of the body to travel to another part of the body (an example of long distance signaling)

Answer 7

Hormones

Question 8

Chemical mate attractants released into the environment

Answer 8

Pheromones

Question 9

It is analogous to talking on the phone

Answer 9

Signal Transduction Pathway

Question 10

______ _____________ won the Nobel Prize in 1971 for the discovery of the signal transduction pathway. He worked at Vanderbilt University.

Answer 10

Earl Sutherland

Question 11

The 3 parts of the signal transduction pathway

Answer 11

reception, transduction, and response

Question 12

First part of the signal transduction pathway

Answer 12

reception

Question 13

Second part of the signal transduction pathway

Answer 13

transduction

Question 14

Third part of the signal transduction pathway

Answer 14

response

Question 15

What happens in the first step of the signal transduction pathway (reception)?

Answer 15

chemical binding to membrane protein

Question 16

What happens in the second step of the signal transduction pathway (transduction)?

Answer 16

This is a series of steps in the changing of the signal to something the cell can understand at the nucleus or in the cytoplasm

Question 17

What does transduction mean?

Answer 17

“to change or carry through”

Question 18

What happens in the third step of the signal transduction pathway (response)?

Answer 18

This usually involves making something or turning on/off an enzymatic process. Usually involves DNA transcription and translation of enzymes.

Question 19

The actual signal molecules

Answer 19

ligand

Question 20

________ binds to the receptor protein (which are like hands) on the cell membrane or inside the cell.
Attachment causes conformational shape change in the receptor protein that sets in motion the transduction pathway

Answer 20

Ligand

Question 21

Most common pathway used by the cell

Answer 21

G-Protein Pathway

Question 22

3 Important Protein Pathways

Answer 22

G-Protein Pathway, Tyrosine-Kinase Pathway, Intracellular Receptors

Question 23

__________ ___________ ___________-protein serves as attachment point for ligand; will change shape upon attachment of the “proper” ligand

Answer 23

G-Protein Linked Receptor

Question 24

acts as a relay protein carrying message to the right location

Answer 24

G-Protein

Question 25

Act like a catalyst for rapidly activating several relay proteins

Answer 25

Tyrosine-Kinase Pathway

Question 26

Pathway is involved in growth/repair

Answer 26

Tyrosine-Kinase Pathway

Question 27

Mostly for receiving hormones and steroids (lipids that don’t need receptor proteins on the cell membrane.)

Answer 27

Intracellular Receptors

Question 28

Diffuse across the phospholipid bilayer

Answer 28

Intracellular receptors

Question 29

usually starts the making of mRNA within the nucleus

Answer 29

Transcription factors

Question 30

A ligand attaches to the receptor protein, it changes shape, GTP leaves a phosphate and becomes GDP, and then proteins connect to the phosphates to be activated

Answer 30

G-protein pathway

Question 31

The ligand attaches to the receptor protein which is attached to the g-protein and a GDP. The protein changes shape and GTP replaces the GDP. Then the g-protein breaks off once it is activated. When the ligand detaches no more g-proteins can be activated.

Answer 31

G-Protein Pathway

Question 32

A ligand attaches to the receptor protein then the shape changes. GTP leave a phosphate on the receptor protein and become GDP. This activates the protein. Relay proteins attach to the phosphates to be activated.

Answer 32

Tyrosine-Kinase Pathway

Question 33

Aldosterone diffuses through cell membrane, binds with receptor, then moves into nucleus and binds to DNA. This creates mRNA. mRNA leaves the nucleus and binds to ribosomes in the cytoplasm which leads to the creation of certain proteins.

Answer 33

Intracellular receptors