Mini test 2 study guide part 1

Question 1

Describe the structure of a fungus.

Answer 1

A fungus is composed of hyphae (tubular filaments). Hyphae are intertwined to form a mycelium. The mycelium extends below and above ground. They grow extremely fast to reduce competition.

Question 2

What are hyphae?

Answer 2

tubular filaments

Question 3

Hyphae are intertwined to form a __________.

Answer 3

mycelium

Question 4

How are fungi similar to animals?

Answer 4

Fungi are heterotrophic by absorption using exoenzymes and animals are heterotrophic by ingestion. Fungi cell walls are composed of Chitin which is the same substance found in the exoskeletons of Arthropods as opposed to plant cell walls which are made of cellulose.

Question 5

Fungi are heterotrophic by _________ using exoenzymes and animals are heterotrophic by ________

Answer 5

absorption, ingestion

Question 6

Describe the relationships that some plants and fungi have.

Answer 6

Most fungi have a symbiotic relationship with plant roots which is referred to as mycorrhizae. The fungi help to increase the surface area for water uptake by the roots. The plant provides sugars for food.

Question 7

fungus enters into the root cells of the plant.

Answer 7

Endomycorrhizae

Question 8

fungus covers the surface of the roots of the plant.

Answer 8

Ectomycorrhizae

Question 9

Why do fungi grow rapidly?

Answer 9

They grow quickly to reduce competition. They just need moisture to grow.

Question 10

Describe how fungus decomposes and ingests.

Answer 10

Fungi decompose by absorption using exoenzymes.

Question 11

sexual structure is the Chytrids. They produce flagellated spores called zoospores.

Answer 11

Chytridomycota

Question 12

sexual structure is the Zygosporangium. Examples: Mycorrhizae, Rhizopus stolonifer (black bread mold), Penicillium (green bread mold)

Answer 12

Zygomycota

Question 13

most are enzymes called arbuscular (a tree shaped connection with plant cells.)

Answer 13

Glomeromycetes

Question 14

sexual structure is the ascus (means “sac”). Ascus are found on the large ascocarp mycelium. Spores are small and dust-like structures called Conidia. Examples: Lichens, plant pathogens, mycorrhizae, and yeast.

Answer 14

Ascomycota

Question 15

sexual structure is the Basidium (means “club”). Basidium are found on the large Basidium mycelium. They are important decomposers. Examples: Mycorrhizae, food mushrooms, Fairy Rings, Death Cap, Toad Stool, and Puff balls

Answer 15

Basidiomycota

Question 16

imperfect fungi because they have no know means of sexual reproduction.

Answer 16

Deuteromycota

Question 17

imperfect fungi because they have no know means of sexual reproduction.

Answer 17

Deuteromycota

Question 18

means a fungal infection

Answer 18

Mycosis

Question 19

What is the treatment for a fungal infection called?

Answer 19

fungicide

Question 20

Describe the importance of fungi.

Answer 20

They are important decomposers. They return vital nutrients back to the environment. Some are used as medicines and food.

Question 21

wheat rust, corn smut, Dutch Elm Disease, and Chestnut Blight are examples of what?

Answer 21

fungus plant pathogens

Question 22

ring worm, athletes foot, jock itch, yeast infections, and dandruff are examples of what?

Answer 22

fungus human pathogens

Question 23

What are the four major groups of plants?

Answer 23

Bryophytes
Pteridophytes
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

Question 24

mosses, non-vascular, tend to be small and fairly simple

Answer 24

Bryophytes

Question 25

Vascular, non-seed plants

Answer 25

Pteridophytes

Question 26

Vascular, naked seed plants

Answer 26

Gymnosperms

Question 27

Vascular, flowering plants

Answer 27

Angiosperms

Question 28

What adaptations are seen among plants to help them survive on land? Describe how they help.

Answer 28

Waxy cuticle (covering) on the surface of the leaves to avoid dehydration. They have vascular tissue that transports water and nutrients. They have protective seeds that help the survival of the embryonic plant during harsh dry times and it increases dispersal so seeds can be moved into new territory away from competition. Flowers and fruit develop. They help moving to new areas or reproducing by using animals.

Question 29

What are some traits that plants have that can help show common ancestry?

Answer 29

Basic structure of roots below ground and shoots above ground. Apical meristematic tissue at the tips of the root and shoots. Produce a waxy cuticle on herbaceous parts (leaves). Stomata on the leaves for gas exchange during photosynthesis. Vascular tissue (not in Bryophytes) - Xylem and Phloem

Question 30

carries water up the plant towards the leaves. These are dead, hollow cells. There are 2 types: tracheids (small) and vessel elements (large).

Answer 30

xylem

Question 31

carries sugar water down to feed the plant or store in the roots. These are living cells. There are 2 types: sieve-tube members and companion cells.

Answer 31

Phloem

Question 32

Identify the three major groups that fall under the phylum Bryophytes.

Answer 32

Hepatophyta (Liverworts) Anthocerophyta (Hornworts) Bryophyta (True mosses)

Question 33

Describe the dominant generation type for Bryophytes

Answer 33

Gametophyte generation - are dominant due to the presence of water in the environment, posses leaf-like structures called microphylls (photosynthesis occurs here, there are no veins in them), they have root-like structures called rhizoids, the dependent sporophyte generation is on top of the dominant gametophyte

Question 34

Describe the sporophyte generation type of Bryophytes and why it is important.

Answer 34

Foot - the support base for the sporophyte generation Seta (Stalk) - for rising up away from the water for greater dispersal of spores Capsule - the sporangium - contains the spore cells that under meiosis to become haploid Calyptera - the removable protective cap on the capsule Peristome - structure for discharging or shooting the spores outward away from the parent plant)

Question 35

Are Bryophytes vascular or avascular? How do they move water and nutrients?

Answer 35

They are avascular and they move water and nutrients by diffusion and osmosis.

Question 36

Plants moved further inland to drier environments. What adaptations did they attain as they got further from water?

Answer 36

Lignin - increased cell wall strength so the roots could burrow through the soil to find water Pectin - reinforced the weight bearing of the cells so they could grow taller Vascular tissues - evolve to move fluids Real roots - evolve from rhizoids. This allows for absorbing and transporting water and nutrients. Real leaves (megaphylls) - evolve from an increasing microphyll. Reduced gametophyte generation and increased sporophyte generation.

Question 37

most went extinct about 250 mybp when Pangaea formed causing swampy areas to dry up. These formed the first real forests (They decomposed to make crude oil or coal “fossil fuels”). Existing species are mostly tropical. Some are Epiphytes - air plants (They grow in the branches of trees.) Sporophylls (leaves) are rich in oil. (They were the first source of flash photography.)

Answer 37

Lycophytes

Question 38

The 5 major pteridophyte phyla

Answer 38

``` Lycophytes Pteridophytes Psilophyteas Sphenophytes Ferns ```

Question 39

3 types: Psilophyteas, Sphenophytes (horsetails or Equisetum), and ferns

Answer 39

Pteridophyta

Question 40

characteristic y branching

Answer 40

Psilophyteas

Question 41

characteristic jointed stems with whorls (rings) or megaphylls (leaves). Hollow stems move oxygen to the roots for cellular respiration. Silica embedded megaphylls have a sandpaper texture)

Answer 41

Sphenophytes

Question 42

characteristic megaphylls called fronds. Develop from fiddleheads. Spores develop on the underside of the megaphylls in groups called sori. Produce a tiny heart-shaped gametophyte generation.

Answer 42

Ferns

Question 43

the support base for the sporophyte generation

Answer 43

foot

Question 44

for rising up away from the water for greater dispersal of spores

Answer 44

Seta (Stalk)

Question 45

the sporangium - contains the spore cells that under meiosis to become haploid

Answer 45

capsule

Question 46

the removable protective cap on the capsule

Answer 46

calyptera

Question 47

structure for discharging or shooting the spores outward away from the parent plant)

Answer 47

Peristomes

Question 48

root-like structures in bryophytes

Answer 48

rhizoids

Question 49

leaf-like structures in bryophytes

Answer 49

microphylls

Question 50

increased cell wall strength so the roots could burrow through the soil to find water

Answer 50

Lignin

Question 51

reinforced the weight bearing of the cells so they could grow taller

Answer 51

Pectin

Question 52

evolve to move fluids

Answer 52

vascular tissues

Question 53

evolve from rhizoids. This allows for absorbing and transporting water and nutrients.

Answer 53

real roots

Question 54

evolve from an increasing microphyll.

Answer 54

real leaves (megaphylls)