quiz 7 (start exam 3)

Question 1

why are there LH receptors on the theca internal surface

Answer 1

LH responds to and increases cAMP
converts cholesterol into testosterone

Question 2

why do granulosa cells only have receptors for FSH initially?

Answer 2

because FSH triggers testosterone to convert to estrogen in the aromatase
estrogen is excreted into the blood stream

Question 3

how long does the pathway continue

Answer 3

until estrogen is at a threshold to induce LH surge

Question 4

what occurs at selection

Answer 4

granulosa cells acquire LH receptors
FSH goes down but LH receptors are there so it helps drive follicle maturation
cells respond to LH surge

Question 5

what are the effects of estradiol

Answer 5

increased blood flow
increased mucosal secretion
initiation of uterine gland growth
elevated myometrial tone
lordosis
phonation
physical activity

Question 6

define ovulation

Answer 6

complicated process which involves the purposeful destruction of a follicle

Question 7

what can prevent ovulation

Answer 7

protein synthesis
steroid synthesis
prostaglandin synthesis
plasminogen activator synthesis

Question 8

what do cumulus cells produce

Answer 8

hyaluronic acid and proteins

Question 9

what does hyaluronic acid and proteins do

Answer 9

cause the cumulus to expand

Question 10

what does the cumulus expansion allow for

Answer 10

the oocyte to separate from the granulosa cells and allow the complex to float in the atrium

Question 11

what are the two types of ovulators? give examples

Answer 11

spontaneous- cows, horses
induced- cats, camels

Question 12

what are the 3 steps of the neuroendocrine reflex

Answer 12

1. copulation stimulates sensory nerves in the vagina and cervix
2. impulses are relayed to spinal cord
3. impulses are relayed to the surge center

Question 13

describe single vs multiple copulations

Answer 13

single- only works 50% of the time
multiple- higher LH surge

Question 14

define primordial germ cell

Answer 14

give rise to gametes and migrates to genital ridge and moves into egg nest

Question 15

define oogonia

Answer 15

undifferentiated germ cells give rise to oocytes
will be surrounded by follicles later
not yet gametes

Question 16

define primary oocyte

Answer 16

oocyte during growth phase before it completes the first division
makes up majority of life span

Question 17

define dictyate

Answer 17

developmental arrest during growing phase
grows under gondadotropid independent events
zona pellucida forms
not a primary follice, but a primary oocyte
will move into gonadotropid dependent phase and will be dependent on LH secretion

Question 18

what become matured during dictyate

Answer 18

nuclear allows nucleus to divide
cytoplasmic- ability of oocyte to be able to develop into embryo

Question 19

define secondary oocyte

Answer 19

resulting oocyte when meiosis 1 is completed

Question 20

define polar body

Answer 20

small haploid cell that is formed
pocket of nuclear material that will get absorbed not fertilized
uneven cytokinesis and minimal cytoplasm

Question 21

if fertilization does not occur, what happens

Answer 21

it will stop at mieosis 2

Question 22

what part of the oocyte recieves information

Answer 22

granulosa cells

Question 23

what creates the zona pellucida

Answer 23

the oocyte

Question 24

how do the granulosa cells and the oocyte communicate

Answer 24

gap junctions

Question 25

define corona raidiata

Answer 25

granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte and zona pellucida

Question 26

what triggers cAMP to begin

Answer 26

LH

Question 27

what do most animals ovulate? what do dogs ovulate?

Answer 27

a 2º oocyte
a 1º oocyte

Question 28

what makes up a zygote

Answer 28

2º oocyte + sperm