quiz 10 Flashcards
what does reproductive behavior cause
a strong drive and precedence
what is the purpose of reproductive behavior
promote copulation
assure sperm and oocyte meet
primates socially bond
what is the goal of reproduction
achieve pregnancy and parturition
define precopulatory
before mating
what does precopulatory in females look like
limited to estrus
increased physical activity
increased estrogen
when does precopulatory occur in males
anytime
what does precopulatory involve
sight
smell
hearing
tactile
describe what events occur in courtship
sniffing the vulva to determine if pheromones are pregnant
urination by female to release pheromones
flehmen lip curl
chin resting on female rump
increased vocalization
male checks for lordosis (breeding stance, bating shoulder, nuzzling flank)
winking the vulva
define standing heat
responsive to male mounting
what does sexual arousal look like in females
lordosis
presents hind quarters to male
vaginal secretion
what does sexual arousal look like in males
erection
penile protrusion
what does copulatory behavior look like in a male
mounting
intromission (penis enters vagina)
ejaculation
what are the three types of copulators
short: 1-3 seconds; bull, ram
sustained: 5-20 minutes; boar
intermediate: 20-60 seconds; stallion
what are the postcopulatory behavior of males
dismounting
refractory period
what is the refractory period
time when copulation will not occur
needs rest prior
depends on age and female being bred
describe memory
a bad experience will carry over
when will females mate again
almost immediately
define feminization
no steroid exposure
define masculinisation
occurs when exposed to E2 or testosterone
female no steroids=
no estrus behavior
female plus E2=
estrus behavior
female plus P4 and E2
maximum estrus behavior
female plus testosterone
male-like behavior
castrated male:
no steroids
plus testosterone
plus dihydrotestosterone
plus estradiol
decreased sexual behavior
sex behavior restored
decreased sex behavior
sex behavior restored
what can testosterone be converted into
estradiol
dihydrotestosterone
what does sexual behavior depend on for BOTH male and females
estradiol receptors in the brain
what are sensory inputs
olfaction
auditory
visual
tactile
describe olfaction sensory
use of pheromones
volatile substance that elicits specific behavior
what males produce pheromones? females?
boars, humans
cows
describe the flehmen response
vomeronasal organ captures sents
picked up in the mouth
interpreted by the brain
describe auditory sensory
long-range signaling
cows bellow, sows grunt
describe visual sensory
close encounters
posturing, males observe others mounting
describe tactile
final stimulation before ejaculation
biting on mare’s neck
resting chin on cow
nudging sows flank
leads to erection
describe erection
vasodilation
inhibits vasoconstriction
relax retractor penis muscle
state the 5 steps of emission
- sensory stimulation
- stimulates nerves in the supraoptic and periventricular nucleus
- oxytocin from posterior pituitary
- smooth muscle contracts in distal tail of epididymis and ductus deferens
- transports sperm to ejaculatory position
what are the four steps of ejaculation
- intromission
- sensory stimulation of glans penis (temp and pressure must be to male’s standard)
- contractions of urethralis and striated muscle (bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus)
- expulsion of semen
what are the hormones during prepartum
high E2, low P4
prolactin- can cross blood-brain barrier
what are the hormones during postpartum
prolactin- mostly lactation, promotes paternal/alloparental care
oxytocin- used for social bonding
when should insemination be complete
about six hours before ovulation
define capacitation
the ability to acrosome react
is all sperm capacitation at once
no, it takes several hours
can capacitation be reversed
in mammals
define hyperaction
spermatozoa moves rapidly in circles to increase chances of finding the egg
define ZP 1 and 2
structural proteins from the zona integrity
define ZP 3
receptor protein that binds to proteins on the spermatozoal membrane
describe sperm binding
the plasma membrane of sperm binds with the outer acrosomal membrane
define acrosin
hydrolyzes ZP in a localized area
define pervitelline space
the area between the zona and the oolema
define oolyma
cell membrane of oocyte
describe the steps of sperm oocyte fusion
microvilli join at the equatorial segment
oolyma wraps around the sperm membrane
corical granules stop multiple sperm from reaching oocyte
causes Ca2+ to be released and start the Ca2+ second messenger
granulosa cells line the membrane to stop excess sperm from entering
what are the 5 steps of fertilizing sperm
sperm-egg recognition
acrosome exocytosis
zona penetration
sperm fusion
block polyspermy (fusion, binding, and penetration)
what is the oocyte lifespan
6-12 hours after ovulation
what is the lifespan of sperm
24-48 hours
define syngamy
fusion of male and female pronuclei
define zygote
fusion of nuclear material but no division
define embryo
cell divisions have began
define fetus
offspring within uterus
define conceptus
everything, including embryo, membrane, fetus, and placenta
define blastomere
early embryo cells
define totipotent
each cell can develop into identical organisms
define morula
each cell can no longer be individually defined
what junctions do the outer cells have? the inner cells?
tight
gap
what do outer cells have? what do they allow for
sodium pumps which allow H2O to enter as well
define blastocyst
occur when fluid fills the cavity
define blastocoele
the fluid-filled cavity
what are the two portions of the blastocyst? what do they do
inner cell mass- give rise to embryo
trophoblast- give rise to chorion which allows placenta to form
what side does the embryo develop on?
the same side as the CL
