quiz 6

Question 1

do males have a surge or tonic center

Answer 1

tonic

Question 2

where is GnRH secreted from

Answer 2

tonic center

Question 3

where are LH and FSH secreted from

Answer 3

anterior pituitary

Question 4

how often is LH pulsated

Answer 4

it occurs 4-8 times a day and lasts for 10 to 20 minutes

Question 5

how often is FSH pulsated

Answer 5

less than LH but it lasts longer due to a longer half life

Question 6

why does LH bond to leydig cells

Answer 6

to create progesterone which will later become testosterone

Question 7

what does testosterone become in Sertoli cells

Answer 7

dihydrotestosterone and E2

Question 8

what do Sertoli cells produce

Answer 8

E2, inhibin, and androgen binding

Question 9

define spermatogenesis

Answer 9

the creation of spermatozoa

Question 10

what are the 3 steps of spermatogenesis

Answer 10

1. proliferative phase (mitosis)
2. meiotic phase (meiosis)
3. differentiation phase

Question 11

how often are new sperm released

Answer 11

13.5 days

Question 12

how many copies of DNA do spermatids have

Answer 12

1 copy

Question 13

define apoptosis

Answer 13

cell death

Question 14

how many spermatid are created

Answer 14

256

Question 15

how many divisions occur

Answer 15

2-6

Question 16

why can apoptosis occur

Answer 16

season
disease
trauma
heat
hormone levels
normal

Question 17

define spermatogenesis

Answer 17

trasformation of round spermatid to elongated spermatid

Question 18

what are the four phases of spermatogenesis

Answer 18

Golgi, cap, acrosomal, maturation

Question 19

describe the Golgi phase

Answer 19

Golgi apparatus produces the acrosome which migrates to one end of the nucleus, centrioles migrates to the other end of the nucleus where the tail will form

Question 20

describe cap phase

Answer 20

acrosome forms a distinct cap, Golgi moves away nucleus, flagellum forms

Question 21

describe acrosomal phase

Answer 21

acrosome spreads around nucleus
manchette forms and creates tail
microtubules form
nuclear elongation

Question 22

describe maturation phase

Answer 22

manchette migrates to tail and disappears
mitochondria migrate toward and closer around the flagellum
dense outer fibers and fiberous sheath forms
spermatid becomes spermatozoa

Question 23

when does spermiation occur

Answer 23

the end of spermatogenesis

Question 24

what does spermiation do

Answer 24

prepares the sperm with the cytoplasmic droplet

Question 25

what can cause a temporal relationship

Answer 25

heat stress fever toxin exposure

Question 26

define stages

Answer 26

specific cellular associations within a small segment of seminiferous tubules

Question 27

define cycles

Answer 27

progression through sequence of all stages

Question 28

how many cycles are needed for spermatozoa

Answer 28

4-5

Question 29

define wave

Answer 29

some portion of seminiferous tubule is always releasing sperm into the rate testes

Question 30

what does the vascular system provide

Answer 30

nutrients, oxygen, growth factors, and hormones

Question 31

describe basal

Answer 31

mitosis spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes

Question 32

describe adluminal

Answer 32

meiosis and spermatogenesis primary and secondary spermatocytes, spermatids

Question 33

describe lumen

Answer 33

spermiation

Question 34

what creates the blood testis barrier

Answer 34

Sertoli cells and tight junctions

Question 35

when does the blood testis barrier occur

Answer 35

at puberty

Question 36

what can harm the tight junctions

Answer 36

heat, metal, endocrine disrupters, pesticide, and lack of FSH and testosterone

Question 37

what is the epididymal function

Answer 37

maturation- change in fertility, develops motility, nuclear condensation, cytoplasmic droplet concentration- removes water secretion- t -> dht, energy, glycoproteins, lipids and enzymes transport- smooth muscle contraction storage- cauda

Question 38

what are the 3 variations of spermatogenesis

Answer 38

testis size efficiency (mitosis and degeneration) length of spermatogenesis

Question 39

what are the components of sperm

Answer 39

water sperm substrates inorganic salts proteins

Question 40

define anestrus

Answer 40

female does not have repeating estrous cycles

Question 41

what are the 3 types of estrus?

Answer 41

polyestrous seasonal polyestrous monoestrous

Question 42

define follicular phase and name the dominant hormone

Answer 42

follicles are more dominant in the ovarian structures estrogen

Question 43

define luteal phase and name the dominant hormone

Answer 43

corpora lutea is dominant ovarian structure progesterone

Question 44

describe the follicular phase

Answer 44

follicles grow, LH surge, dominant follicle grows, 20% of cycle

Question 45

describe the luteal phase

Answer 45

80% of cycle, dominated by corpus leteum, CL undergoes regression or luteolysis to form corpus albicans

Question 46

what stages make up the follicular phase? the luteal phase?

Answer 46

proestrus, estrus metestrus, diestrus

Question 47

describe proestrus

Answer 47

proceeds estrus begins when P4 declines P4 morphs to E2 preovulatory follicles enlarge vascularity inceases endometrial glands grow estrogen levels peak

Question 48

describe estrus

Answer 48

behavioral changes and more receptive to breeding estrogen decreases LH surge occurs ovulates 24-48 hours after LH surge high uterine motility sperm transport is optimal cervical mucus volume increase FSH and LH increase

Question 49

describe metestrus

Answer 49

E2 and P4 are low ovulation in cow corpus hemorrhagic present and remodels into CL contractions subside endometrial glands grow in cattle bleeding occurs FSH increases no longer makes inhibin triggers follicular growth

Question 50

describe diestrus

Answer 50

longest phase P4 is high FHS increases at some point to initiate growth of next follicle uterus secretes fluid but gradually slows contractions stop CL regresses if not pregnant