exam 3 Flashcards
how many embryos do pigs have
2+ on each side
define transuterine migration. how long does it last
embryos move throughout the uterus
about 14 days
where does the embryo implant
close to the horn-body junction
what do bovine and ovine pregnancy inhibits
oxytocin receptor synthesis and PGF2a
describe porcine pregnancy
secretes E2
redirects PGF2a
requires 2 embryos per horn
what maintains luteolysis
luteotrophic
describe human pregnancy
hCG
luteotrophic
what happens to the CL of dogs and cats when not pregnant? what can this cause
CL does not regress. can cause pseudopregnancy
what allows for the recognition of pregnancy
proteins and steroids
what are the endocrine functions of the placenta
progesterone
estrogen
hCG
eCG
placental lactogens
what are the exchange functions of the placenta
gas
nutrients
waste
what is the physical protection functions of the placenta
shock absorption
what are the chemical protection functions of the placenta
immunosuppression
toxin filtration
describe the yolk membrane
nourishes bird embryo
sources blood and germ cells in mammals
describe amnion membrane
non-vascular and fluid-filled
protective cushioning
ruptures at birth
describe allantois membrane
blood vessels
fuses with chorion
what do allantochion and chorioallontois do
bring blood vessels to the chorion
describe chorion membrane
outermost membrane
attaches to dam
name the four placental shapes and what animal has them.
cotyledonary- cow, sheep
diffuse- pig, horse
zonary- dog, cat
discoid- human
define placentome
site of maternal and fetal nutrient exchange
define binucleated giant cells (BNGC)
begin in chorion and move to endometrium
what percentage do BNGC of the placenta
20%
what do BNGC do
secrete placental lactose and pregnancy-specific B protein
define placental lactogen
protein hormone that regulates maternal metabolism
have high levels in the last 1/3 of pregnancy
what does placental lactogen stimulate
milk synthesis
where is placental lactogen not present
pigs and mares
what cow has a higher concentration of placental lactogen
dairy cows
define microcotelydons
increases the placental surface area
define endometrial cups
maintains the CL and creates new ones to keep P4 levels elevated
where do endometrial cups come from
trophoblast and endometrium
when do endometrial cups form? when do they go away?
35
100-140
define gastrulation
embryo transforms from a one-dimensional layer of epithelial cells (blastula) into a multi-layer, multi-dimensional structure (gastrula)
what are the 3 germ layer
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
what does the ectoderm create
CNS, sensory organs, mammary glands, sweat glands, skin, hair, and nails
what does the mesoderm create
circulatory, skeletal, muscle, reproductive, kidneys, and urinary ducts
what does the endoderm create
digestive, liver, lungs, pancreas, thyroid gland, and amion
what makes up fetal tissue
connective tissue
fetal blood vessel
trophectoderm
interstitial membrane
what makes up maternal tissue
uterine epithelium
maternal blood vessel
connective tissue
maternal blood
