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ANS 327 Reproduction > quiz 4 > Flashcards

quiz 4 Flashcards

1
Q

define nervous system

A

translate external stimulus into neural signals that act on reproductive tissues

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2
Q

define endocrine system

A

relies on hormones

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3
Q

describe the portions of the endocrine system

A

hormonal, large
targets distant locations
acts as a catalyst
circulatory transport
slow transport
long duration
stimulates other hormones, nerves, or tissue
binds with receptors to activate response

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4
Q

describe the portions of the neural system

A

neurotransmitter, small
nerve/effector site
short distance
fast moving
short duration
stimulates other nerves
travels nerve to nerve or nerve to organ

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5
Q

define simple neural pathways

A

secretes neurotransmitter to target tissue

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6
Q

define neuroendocrine reflex

A

secretion of neurohormones into blood to remote target tissue

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7
Q

define neurotransmitter

A

substance releases at synapses for neuronal propagation of the electrical impulse
produced by neurons

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8
Q

define neurohormone

A

substance released by neurons directly into the blood

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9
Q

what are the 3 types of stimuli

A

thermal
tactile
visual

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10
Q

what sends signals to the spinal cord

A

afferent neurons

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11
Q

what sends signals to the target tissue

A

efferent neurons

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12
Q

what does the hypothalamus aid in

A

homeostasis

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13
Q

define the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
what does it do for the female
male
both

A

attacks all parts of the body
estrous cycle, parturition, location
testosterone, sperm production
sexual behavior

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14
Q

define center

A

collection of neurons doing the same job

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15
Q

define surge center

A

specific hypothalamic nuclei in females that responds to high estradiol

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16
Q

define tonic center

A

controls release of GnRH
slow, regular release

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17
Q

define paraventricular nucleus

A

discrete bond of nerve cells that innervate those posterior pituitary

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18
Q

what is the master gland

A

anterior pituitary

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19
Q

what does the releases of GnRH stimulate

A

FSH and LH

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20
Q

how do hypothalamic hormones reach the pituitary

A

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

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21
Q

why doesn’t GnRH not stay in the body long

A

it is small and broken down easily

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22
Q

describe the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary

A

no portal system
neurons from certain hypothalamic nuclei extend directly into the posterior lobe
neurohormones produced in the PVN are transported down axons to the terminal released into the blood

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23
Q

define positive feedback loop

A

hormone brings about a biological response that increases the release of the hormones

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24
Q

define negative feedback loop

A

rising levels of the hormones bring about the biological response that stops the release of hormones

25
Q

what is produced the the negative feedback loop

A

gonadal steroids: testosterone, progesterone, estradiol
protein hormone: inhibin

26
Q

what is produced in the positive feedback

A

estradiol
oxytocin during parturition

27
Q

define endocrine system

A

relies on hormones to cause a response

28
Q

what are the influential factors of the endocrine system

A

presence of receptors on a hormonal cell
half life of the hormone in circulation

29
Q

what are the four facts of reproductive hormones

A

exert biological response at the nanogram level in blood
short half life
exert cell response by binding to specific receptors in cells
stimulates phenotypic response in cell through biochemical, metabolic, or genomic response

30
Q

what are the 3 classifications

A
  1. the source- where it comes from
  2. biochemical classification
  3. mode of action- what target tissue/communication
31
Q

what are the 4 biochemical classifications

A

peptide- small molecules of animo acids
glycoprotein- carbohydrate attachment
steroid- fat soluble
prostaglandin- fatty acid

32
Q

what does 5a-reductase do

A

converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone

33
Q

what are the functions of steroids

A

cellular effects, feedback, behavior, secondary sex characteristics, ossification and pregnancy

34
Q

what are the functions of prostaglandins

A

luteolysis, ovulation, inflammation, and blood pressure

35
Q

defne phosphorylation

A

Addison of a phosphate to a protein/small molecule

36
Q

define phosphatase

A

removes a phosphate from a protein

37
Q

what are protein hormones

A

LH
G-Cell (membrane bound protein)
adenylate cyclase
protein kinase A
regulatory subunit
catalytic subunit

38
Q

define cAMP

A

cyclic acetyline monophosphate

39
Q

what are the 4 steps of cAMP

A
  1. hormone receptor binds on cell membrane
  2. g-protein transforms and AC activates; converts ATP to cAMP
  3. cAMP activates PKA; activated enzymes convert substrates into products
  4. PKA phosphorylates proteins that induce cellular change
40
Q

what are examples of cAMP

A

LH
FSH
prolactin
eCG
hCG

41
Q

what are the calcium second messengers

A

GnRH
g-protein
phospholipase C
phosphoinositiol phosphate (PIP2)
PKC

42
Q

what are the 6 steps of the calcium second messenger

A
  1. GnRH binds to receptor
  2. GP, PIC, and PIP2 associate
  3. PLC creates DAG and IP3
  4. IP3 binds to receptors to release calcium
  5. Ca2+ activates PKA and opens Ca2+ channel
  6. high Ca2+ activates secretory granules to fuse with the cell membrane to release product
43
Q

describe steroid hormone receptors

A

fat soluble, so diffuse directly through the membrane into the cytoplasm
travel though blood by binding to water soluble proteins
transcription convert DNA to RNA and RNA to mRNA

44
Q

what are the 4 steps of the steroid hormone receptor

A
  1. steroids are transported into blood by carrier protiens
  2. diffuse through cell membrane of target cell and then through the nuclear membrane
  3. steroids bind to receptors in nucleus and initiates mRNA synthesis
  4. newly synthesized mRNA go to the ribosome for protein production
45
Q

describe GnRH
classification
source
target
action

A

peptide
hypothalamus- tonic and surge centers
anterior pituitary
releases FSH and LH

46
Q

describe relaxin
classification
source
target
action

A

polypeptide
placenta, corpus leteum; prostate
cervix, pelvic ligament; spermatozoa
soften ligaments, widen birth canal; enhance sperm motility

47
Q

describe oxytocin
classification
source
target
action

A

peptide
produced by neurons in hypothalamus; stored/released by hypothalamus; synthesized by corpus luteum
uterus, mammary gland; epididymis tail, ductus deferens
uterine motility, milk letdown, uterine PGF2a synthesis; emission, PGF2a synthesis

48
Q

describe prolactin
classification
source
target
action

A

protein
anterior pituitary
mammary gland, corpus luteum; testes
growth during pregnancy, milk production; testosterone, spermatogenesis; parental bonding

49
Q

describe luteinizing hormone
classification
source
target
action

A

glycoprotein
anterior pituitary
theca, granulosa, and luteal cells; leydig cells
testosterone secretion, induces ovulation, supports corpus luteum; testosterone production

50
Q

describe FSH
classification
source
target
action

A

glycoprotein
anterior pituitary
granulosa cell; Sertoli cell
follicular development, estradiol synthesis; support Sertoli cells and spermatogenesis

51
Q

describe inhibin
classification
source
target
action

A

glycoprotein
granulosa cells; Sertoli cells
anterior pituitary
inhibits FSH secretion

52
Q

describe activin
classification
source
target
action

A

glycoprotein
anterior pituitary, gonads, and placenta
follicle; testis
increases FSH binding, estradiol production; enhance spermatogenesis, testosterone produciton

53
Q

describe equine chorionic gondotropin
classification
source
target
action

A

glycoprotein
endometrial cups
ovary
induces accessory CL formation to support pregnancy; LH-like activity in mares; other species have FSH-like activity

54
Q

describe human chorionic gonadotropin
classification
source
target
action

A

glycoprotien
embryo and placenta
CL prevents luteolysis, can induce ovulation in mares

55
Q

describe estrogen
classification
source
target
action

A

steroids
granulosa cells, placenta; Sertoli cells
hypothalamus, entire tract; hypothalamus
sexual behavoir, GnRH regulation, secretion, contractions; sexual behavior, negative feedback

56
Q

describe progesterone
classification
source
target
action

A

steroid
CL, placenta
uterus, mammary gland, hypothalamus
secretion, myometrial contractions, increased mammary tissue, inhibit GnRH secretion and reproductive behavior

57
Q

describe testosterone
classification
source
target
action

A

steroid
theca interna; leydig cells
granulosa cells are substrate for estradiol; accessory sex glands for secretion, seminiferous tubule promotes spermatogenesis

58
Q

define prostaglandin F2a
classification
source
target
action

A

fatty acid
uterine endometrium; prostate or vesicular gland
corpus leuteum myometrium, follicles; epididymis
luteolysis, uterine tone, ovulation; induces contractions

ANS 327 Reproduction (13 decks)

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