Quiz 6 Flashcards
During a conversation with a friend, Al starts to get angry, but this is an emotion that he considers inappropriate and childish. As a result, instead of noticing his own anger, he unknowingly starts to believe that his friend is becoming angry and excited, even though she is doing no such thing. This example best demonstrates the defence mechanism of ________.
Projection
The ego operates according to the __________ principle, whereas the id operates according to the __________ principle.
reality; pleasure
A person who refuses to acknowledge the anxiety-arousing aspects of the situation is demonstrating ______________.
Denial
A central concept in Carl Rogers’s theory is our consistent set of perceptions of and beliefs about ourselves and is referred to as _______________.
The Self
Gene has just been diagnosed with terminal cancer. When he describes the diagnosis to his wife, he speaks unemotionally about the type of cellular mechanisms involved in the cancer. He is likely using the ____________ defense mechanism
Intellectualization
Karen develops an intense fear of mathematics while in college. She then volunteers to tutor grade-school children in math once a week and talks about how much she enjoys math while being mostly unaware of her underlying fear. This would be an example of ________.
Reaction Formation
Theorists that focus on the mental representations that people form of themselves and other people as a result of early experiences with caregivers are called _________ theorists.
Object Relations
A psychology professor emphasizes the role of conscious experiences, and an individual’s creative potential and inborn striving for self-actualization as the foundations of personality. The professor is a proponent of the __________.
Humanistic Perspective
Gerald constantly feels as if he should be doing better in school, although his grades are often above average. Adler would likely suggest that Gerald has a(n) ________.
Inferiority Complex
Jung’s concept of the archetype is most strongly associated with which of the following?
-Attachment
-The inferiority complex
-The collective unconscious
-Repression
The Collective Unconscious
Hans Eysenck’s two-factor model of personality was the first modern theory to
-predict specific behaviours even better than more narrow trait measures
-postulate a possible biological basis for his traits
-be the only model that includes extraversion and neuroticism
-be derived from the use of both factor analysis and intuition
postulate a possible biological basis for his traits
Which attachment style is described by the following? “I find it relatively easy to get close to others and am comfortable depending on them and having them depend on me.”
Secure
Carl Rogers believed that ____________ can produce serious negative consequences for people by creating significant _____________ between self-perceptions and experience along with a need to distort or alter important experiences.
conditions of worth; incongruence
A student has the belief that they are good in math, but has just received her first “D” grade in freshman calculus class. This inconsistency will most likely generate what Carl Rogers termed ________.
A threat
According to Carl Rogers and other humanistic theorists the active process of realizing our total human potential is referred to as self-_____________.
actualization
Alfred Adler would be most likely to endorse which of the following explanations for human behaviour? People are primarily motivated by ________.
-factors of which they are not consciously aware
-sexual and aggressive instincts
-their desire to overcome perceived shortcomings
-their desire to seek pleasure and avoid pain
their desire to overcome perceived shortcomings
Which of the following is NOT a dimension of personality according to the five-factor model?
Extroversion
Openness to experience
Self-control
Agreeableness
Self-Control
Most contemporary researchers who use the trait approach suggest that there are ___________ basic dimensions that underlie personality.
5
Hugh Hartshorne and Mark May (1928) conducted a study in which they tested the honesty of young children in a wide variety of settings. The results of this study indicated that honesty was ___________ consistent across different settings, a finding that led some personality theorists to argue that personality was largely influenced by __________.
-highly; stable personality traits
-highly; genetic factors
-not particularly; evolution
-not particularly; situation
not particularly; situation
Because there are over 17,000 trait words in the English language, in order to reduce that large number into a smaller number of categories, personality researchers use ___________________.
Factor Analysis
The ego uses some of its energy to prevent anxiety-arousing memories, feelings, and impulses from entering consciousness, in _______________.
repression
John Bowlby’s attachment theory is most strongly associated with which of the following approaches?
-Object relations theory
-Carl Jung’s theory of analytic psychology
-Alfred Adler’s inferiority complex model
-Erik Erickson’s life-span development approach
Object Relations Theory
The Five Factor model of personality tends to hold ________.
Cross-culturally
The process of identification with significant others, most often parents, causes the creation of _________________.
Super ego
Consistent with the self-enhancement motive, most people attribute success to _____________ and failure to ___________.
ability; environment
In Western cultures, research examining gender differences suggests that the self-concepts of women are more ____________ than those of men.
-individualistic
-achievement-oriented
-self-actualized
-collectivistic
collectivistic
Within any given culture, gender ______________ provide specific information about gender-role socialization and inform us about the appropriate attributes and behaviours of men and women.
schemas
Carl Rogers suggested the negative outcome called ‘conditions of worth’ could be prevented by ________.
Unconditional positive regard
Sigmund Freud’s initial ideas regarding the power of the unconscious were shaped largely by observations of people with which of the following disorders?
Conversion Hysteria
According to Freud, the Oedipus complex takes place during the ________.
Phallic Stage
