Module 5 (chapter 12) Flashcards
Accommodation
Process of new experiences causing existing schemas to change or create new schemas
Adolescence
Period of development and gradual transition between childhood and adulthood
Assimilation
New experiences are incorporated into existing schemas
Attachment
A strong emotional bond between a child and their primary caregiver
Authoritative parenting
A parent that is warm but restrictive and seen as caring, and supportive, with clear enforced rules
Authoritarion Parenting
A parent that is hostile but restrictive and seen as cold, and unresponsive, with strict discipline
Indulgent Parenting
A parent that is warm and permissive and seen as warm, and caring but with no guidance or discipline
Neglectful Parenting
A parent that is cold, uncaring, unresponsive and no discipline
Anxious Avoidant
Child shows few signs of an attachment, rarely cries when the mother leaves; doesn’t seek attention when she returns
Anxious Resistant
Fearful even if the mother is present, demands attention, get distressed with mother leaves, not soothed when she returns
Secure Attachment
Child explores and reacts positively to strangers - distressed when the mother leaves - happy when the mother returns
Cognitive Empathy
how well an individual can perceive and understand the emotions of other
Concrete Operational Stage
Stage in Paiget’s Stage Model - 7-12yr olds; can preform basic mental operations involving tangible objects but have problems with hypothetical problems/abstract thinking; they have also grasped the concept of reversibility, less concentration, and easily solve conservation problems; can order things serially; have mental representations for a series of actions
Conservation
Logical thinking ability; the principle that basic properties of objects like their volume or quantity stay the same if even the outward appearance changes (ex. knowing a drink doesn’t get larger just because you pour it into a skinner taller cup)
Continuous Development
development and changes in individuals occur gradual overtime; never stop
Critical Period
A stage of maturation where a certain development must happen or else it won’t be able to (imprinting with birds - within first few days of life)
Sensitive Period
A stage of maturation where a certain development is most easily formed (attachment with babies - within first few years)
Discontinous Development
Development changes can be put into clear stages and are not throughout whole life
Disorganized Attachment
The child may seem disoriented/confused or display contradictory behaviours (want mother but strikes out when mother reaches for them)
Egocentrism
Difficulty to view the world from someone else’s point of view
Embryo
during 2nd-8th week of preganancy the cell mass is now called an embryo
Fine-Motor skills
Using the smaller muscles in your hand such as writing with a pen/pencil
Formal Operational Stage
Stage in Paiget’s Stage Model - 11-12yr olds (able to think logically with concrete and abstract ideas, can form and test hypothesized, have flexible thinking (creative)
Gross Motor Skills
ability to control the larger muscles in order to do things like walk, crawl…
Nature
The biological aspects of development
Object Permance
Ability to realize that an object still exists even if you cannot see it
Permissive Parenting
one of the four parenting styles that combine to create parenting types - not strict - restrictive vs permissive
Preoperational stage
Stage of Paiget’s stage model - 2-7yr olds; represent world symbolically through words and mental images but do not understand basic, mental operations or rules; rapid language development; display irreversibility in thinking
Reversibility
The ability to reverse an action mentally
Schema
Organized patterns of thoughts and actions - an internal framework
Stage of Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg’s with 3 main levels - Preconventional (anticipation fo punishment/reward) ; Conventional (conforming to societal expectations, laws and duties); Post Conventional (throughout, general moral principles - taking personal principles and the soceital expectations, laws, and duties into account)
Temperament
biologically based style of behavioural and emotional reactions
Physical, Cognitive, and psychosocial development - Define and show main differences
Physical Development = growth and changes in the body and brain, motor skills, senses, and health and wellness. Cognitive Development = Learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity. Psychosocial Development = emotional, personality, and relationship developments
Normative Approach to Development
Studying development using norms (average ages) when most children should reach a specific development
The view that development is a gradaul process that builds upon previous skills is…
Continous Development
Pyschologist that proposed moral development proceeds through a series of stages
Lawrence Kohlberg
What is Psychosexual Development?
A theory by Sigmond Freud; pleasure-seeking urges that focus on erogenous zones throughout 5 stages
Basic Trust VS Mistrust?
Within 1st year; depending on how much love and attention we receive we will either learn that we can trust others and ourselves or else mistrust others and ourselves
According to Erickson, what is the psychosocial stage at age 3-5?
Initiative vs Guilt; depending on how the parents react to the child curiosity about the world, if they can explore and and have their questions answered they develop initiative or else they will experience guilt
During the first two years, children become ready to exercise their individuality, it they are restricted or make harsh demands while toilet training the child develops… instead of….
Shame and doubt instead of autonomy
Industry VS Inferiority?
from 6yr to puberty; develop a strive to achieve (industry) when they experience pride and encouragement in mastering tasks
What stage in Erickson’s stage model happens during 12-20 year olds?
Identity or role confusion; depending on the adolescents ability to develop a sense of self
What is Intimacy vs isolation
during 20-40 year olds; depends on ones ability to develop an intimate relationship
What stage depends on finding meaning in one’s work
Generativity vs Stagnation (40-65 year olds)
Integrity vs Despair (65+)
Depends on one’s ability to find meaning in their life that they had led
What cognitive development happens during the formal operation stage
one can think logically with concrete and abstract problems, and can not only form hypothesised but test them too; develop flexible or creative thinking
What stage does object permanence happen?
During the Sensorimotor stage during which newborns to 2yr olds learn through sesnory experiments and physical interactions. They can solve some problems and they think, plan and understand simple concepts
What stage comes before concrete operational?
Pre-operational stage - child uses symbolic words and mental images to represent world, don’t understand basic operations or rules yet, can understand simple concepts, show irreversible thinking, can only focus on one aspect display egocentrism
What is the Concrete operational Stage?
From 7-12 child can preform basic mental operations that involve tangible objects/situations, start to have reversible thinking, but have problems with hypothetical problems/abstract thinking
What is the Preconventional Stage?
Someone reasons their decisions based on the anticipation of punishment or reward (ex. You should not cheat on a test because you would be put in detention)
Which Moral Stage for Kohlberds stage model represents: Rosa stands for her moral principles despite society disagreeing with her.
Post-Conventional - thought-out moral reasoning based on internalized moral principles; ie following one’s conscience
Example of the Conventional moral reasoning stage
I shouldn’t drink and drive because my friends will think less of me; conforming to societal expectations, laws, and duties - want to gain approval
The 3 Stages of Prenatal Development
- Germinal = the first 2 weeks where 1 sperm fertilizes an egg (zygote) followed by repeated cell division which equates to a mass of cells attached to the uterus
- Embryonte = during the 2nd - 8th week, the cell mass is now called an embryo; the development of 2 life supports happen, the placenta and umbilical cord; by week 8 specialized organs and systems form (heart beat and brain development)
- Fetal = 9th week until birth - embryo is now called a fetus; muscles and bodily system get stronger; at 24 weeks eyes open, at 28 weeks the age of viability is reached (can survive out of the womb if premature birth)
What are Teragens?
Environment agents that contribute to abnormal developments; harmful chemicals can pass through the placenta (ex. Rubella can cause blindness, deafness, heart defects); some treatment drugs, STDS, Syphillis, drugs, alcohol, and caffeine can all affect infants
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Disorder and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
- range of mild to severe deficits from mother drinking alcohol during pregnancy
- cluster of severe development abnormalities
Nature VS Nurture
Biological influences interact; biology sets the limits for environmental influences, but environmental influences can be powerful
The child uses the parent as a base from which to explore her world in which attachment style?
Secure
