Psych 101chap 8 & 13 Test Flashcards
Individuals undergoing an fMRI who incorrectly identified shapes as being previously viewed showed activity in _______________.
same area associated with correctly identify shapes
Consider the following two lists: 1. car, sofa, tree; 2. honour, truth, justice. The first list should be easier to remember in part because
It can be dual coded
If you suddenly lost your semantic memory, which of the following would you no longer be able to do?
Recall capital of italy (Semanitc = meaning of word/thing)
Stephanie just broke up with her boyfriend, Paul. Then Scott asks her to the homecoming dance. At the dance that night, Stephanie and Scott have a wonderful time. When Scott walks Stephanie to the door he is dismayed when she kisses him goodnight and calls him Paul. Stephanie has just illustrated
Proactive interference (past memory interferring with new)
Let’s say that you have just heard a long list of words and are then asked to recall them. If I wanted to prevent a recency effect, I could give you a task that interfered with
Short-Term Memory
You have forgotten about some incident that occurred several years ago. It was very troubling to you. Rather than having amnesia, your psychoanalyst suggests that this is really a case of
Repression
Interference and amnesia both involve forgetting information. The difference is that
Interference is due to retreival failure, amnesia is typically due to trauma
In order to transfer material from short-term to long-term memory it is necessary to engage in
elaborative rehersal
If you go to a movie, you know that the movie isn’t going to start as long as the lights are on. Once the movie starts, you also know that it is considered impolite to talk during the movie and that if you need to leave, it is best to try not to disturb others. This collection of thoughts is best considered to be an example of
A Schema
George Sperling attempted to assess the duration of iconic memory by
breifly flashing a display of letters and immediately asking how many letters people could recall (Iconic = Visual memory storage)
Martha learns her math formulas for the weekly quizzes that she has in math class. Although she consistently earns perfect scores on the weekly quizzes, the day after any given quiz, Martha would be unable to take the quiz again and do as well. She noted her knowledge of the math formulas resembled the forgetting illustrated by __________________.
Ebbinghuas’s Forgetting Curve
A friend asks you to give him a call later. He would like to go out to dinner. But when dinnertime comes around, you realize that you forgot about it as you eat a burger at fast food chain. This reflects a failure in
Prospective Memory (preform activity in the future)
While the primacy effect is thought to be due to the early transfer of information to long-term memory, this effect appears to be due to information remaining in short-term memory. This is called the __________ effect.
Recency
A patient of yours has some memory problems. But the problems are very specific– he can not seem to remember factual knowledge. You suspect that there may be damage to any of the following areas EXECPT
Amygdala
A friend tells you that he really wants to do well on his next test and asks you for some study tips. A good suggestion according to the text is to
Use imagery
The idea that a concept in memory is represented by a particular set of nodes and is retrieved when the nodes in that set are activated in parallel belongs to the proposition of memory known as
neural network
It is believed that chunking enhances memory by
widening the information-processing bottleneck due to the limited capacity of short-term memory
Which of the following statements regarding the tendency for people to forget traumatic personal events is most accurate?
-It is very common for adults to forget traumatic events, but it almost never happens with children.
-Memory loss for traumatic events can occur with both children and adults.Correct
-Children and adults almost never forget traumatic personal events.
-It is very common for young children to forget traumatic events, but it almost never happens with adults.
memory loss for traumatic events can occur for both children and adults
Research on the phenomenon of mood-congruent recall has found that people tend to have a better memory
For events consistent with current mood
A memory researcher claims that a concept such as “dog” is triggered by the simultaneous firing of nodes #8, #47, and #123 in a network, but if node #8 is simultaneously triggered with nodes #9 and #301, an entirely different concept appears in the mind. The views of this researcher are most consistent with the ____________ theory of memory.
neural network
Prejudice is fostered in large part by competition for limited resources according to ______________ theory.
Realistic Conflict Theory
In a study conducted by Darley and Gross, participants watched a video of a nine-year-old girl, Hannah, answering questions and were then asked to judge her academic potential. Participants who were told she was ___________ rated her lower in ability.
from a disadvantaged background
Theodore answers his door one day to find a young man asking for donations for a local animal shelter. The man asks Theodore if he can put him down for a $10 donation. Theodore is happy to donate $10 to such a worthy cause and gives him the $10. The next day, Theodore receives a “thank you” call from the animal shelter and a request that he donate 10 hours a week of his time volunteering at the shelter. The animal shelter has used which of the following persuasion techniques on Theodore?
Foot-in-the-door technique
Kristin has been in a romantic relationship for several months. Initially, her feelings for her partner were very intense and ranged from ecstatic highs when seeing her partner to sometimes heart-breaking lows when her partner was away. These feelings have faded somewhat and recently, she has also noticed more feelings of affection and caring for her partner. The difference between her initial and recent feelings best demonstrates the difference between
Passionate and Companionate love
The term, “self-fulfilling prophecy” specifically refers to instances in which
people act towards other in a way that brings out expected behaviours
Which of the following was mentioned as one of the ways that media violence can increase the likelihood of aggressive behaviour?
- Viewers can learn new aggressive behaviours through modelling.Correct
- Viewers learn that aggression is usually punished and rarely rewarded.
- Viewers become increasingly sensitized to violence after repeatedly viewing it.
- Viewers come to better appreciate the long-term consequences of media violence after repeatedly seeing it.
Viewers can learn new aggressive behaviours through modelling
You are a lawyer trying someone for murder. You suspect that the murder was impulsive. Which of the following would you look for to support your theory?
- High levels of serotonin
- Decreased activity in the amygdala
- Increased activity in the hypothalamus
- Lower activity in the frontal lobes
- An absence of GABA
Lower activity in the frontal lobes
All of the following were mentioned as factors that increase the influence of a minority opinion EXCEPT
- when the person with the minority opinion appears to keep an open mind
- when the person with the minority opinion is resistant to hearing the majority side’s viewpoint
- when the person with the minority opinion remains independent in the face of majority pressure
- when the person with the minority opinion is consistent over time
When the person with the minority opinion is resistant to hearing the majority side’s viewpoint
One of your friends is very much against letting more immigrants into the country. He claims any problems they have is their own fault and we should not have to care for them. Your friend’s opinion is in line with
The just world hypothesis
Let’s say that you are working for a drug company and are trying to design a new drug to reduce acts of impulsive aggression. Which of the following would you target?
- Norephinephrine
- Dopamine
- Serotonin
- GABA
- Acetylcholine
Serotonin
You are presenting an argument in favour of using solar power to group that does not really believe in global warming. Another individual will argue against the use of solar power. Research on attitude change suggests that in order for you to be most effective, it would be best for you to
present both sides of the argument but refute your opponent’s argument
Paulo has always believed that tuition for higher education should be free. However, he has just changed his attitude to be more positive about paying for his education. If you know that he experienced a considerable amount of physiological arousal before changing his attitude, this would support
The theory of cognitive dissonance
The assumption that life is fair and that people get what they deserve and also deserve what they get is the ___________.
Just-World Hypothesis
The negative-state relief model is most relevant to which of the following?
- Obedience
- Stereotypes
- Aggression
- Altruism
Altruism
When Sarah takes her new boyfriend home to meet her parents she is very nervous. Trying to explain that he is anxious about the meeting, she introduces Brendon, telling her parents that he is anxious, nervous, and very quiet. Later on, after having calmed down considerably, when her brother comes home she introduces Brendon as quiet because of his nervousness and anxiety about meeting her family. Based on the primacy effect, which of the following will be true about Brendon’s impression on Sarah’s parents and her brother?
Her brother will have a more favourable impression due to “quiet” being more positive than “anxious”
The implicit association test is used specifically to assess
Covert Prejudice
The principal has just told Mrs. Snyder, a kindergarten teacher, that a new little girl will be joining her kindergarten class. The little girl is African-American and Mrs. Snyder believes that African-American children are not as bright as European-American children. Consequently, when speaking to the little girl, Mrs. Snyder speaks slower and tends not to explain answers to the little girl’s questions in as much detail as she does to other children. Mrs. Snyder is showing ________________.
Discrimination
Jorge is at a dating service looking to find a suitable mate. Research on physical attractiveness would suggest that he will choose to date
someone who is similar in attractiveness to him
When explaining our own behaviour, when we make more personal attributions for successes and more situational attributions for failures, then ____________ has occurred.
self-serving bias
Which of the following statements regarding follow-up studies on Milgram’s obedience experiment is most accurate?
- Very few studies have been able to replicate Milgram’s original study.
- Surprisingly, modern studies have obtained similar obedience rates.
- Obedience effects are usually found in modern studies, but they are all significantly smaller than the one obtained by Milgram.
- Follow-up studies suggest that the high obedience rates were largely a function of the time period and that similar results would not be obtained today.
Suprisingly, modern studies have been able to replicate Milgram’s obedience rates
Attributions
judgement about the cause of others (and our own) behaviour
Fundamental Attribution Error
Underestimating impact of the situation and overestimating the impact of personal factors
Self-Serving Bias
Success is from personal factors while failures are from situational factors
Theory Of Planned Behaviour
intention to engage in a behaviour is stronger if we have positive feeling towards the behaviour
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
people strive for consistency in their cognitions - feel cognitive dissonance if contradictory beliefs - motivated to relief dissonance
Attitude
Positive or negative evaluative reaction towards a stimulus (person, idea, event, action, object)
Central Route (Persausion)
think carefully about the message - influenced because the argument is actually compelling
Peripheral Route (Persausion)
Do not scrutinize message but are influenced by factors like speakers attractiveness or messages emotional appeal not the compellingness
Social Faliciation
increased tendency to preform dominant response while in prescence of others
Milgram’s Conformity Study
Tested to see if participants would preform malevolent acts when pressured - give other “participant” a shock if they get an answer wrong - 65% obeyed - most people will obey authoritative figure if perceived as legitimate,
Door in the Face technique
Giving absurb request, then smaller - people more likely to agree to second even if they would normally refuse
Foot in the door technique
Give small request that will progressively get larger - once someone agrees to initially request they are more likely to agree to the other ones too.
Lowballing
Persauder gets you to agree to a request; then increases “cost” right before you follow through - since you already agreed you are more likely to still agree
Social Loafing
expend less effort in a group then they would individually
Triangular theory of love
Intimacy + Passion + Commitment = Consummate Love
Intimacy + Commitment = Companionate
Intimacy + Passion = Romantic
Passion + Commitment = Factuous
In-Group Favouritism
tendency to favour groups we are in
Out-group degrogation
tendency to attribute more negative qualities to groups we are not part of
Conflict Theory
competition for limited resources fosters prejudice
Encoding
translating information into a neural code
Retrieval
recalling information - “pulling” it out of storage
Sensory Memory
hold sensory information just long enough to be recognized (fraction of a second) - sensory registers = subsystems
Iconic Memory
Sensory register for visual memory
Echoic Memory
Sensory register for auditory memory
Short-term Memory
information we are conscious of at any given time - holds 7 give or take 2 - 20secs - working memory (consciously codes and “works” on memories)
Digit Span Task
Test short term memory - given list of numbers progressively gets longer - most people remember 5-9 digits
Chunking
combing random items into larger meaningful units - helps short-term memory
Mneomonic devices
any type of memory aid (ex. chunking, hierarchies)
Encoding Specificity
memory is enhance if conditions present during retrieval are similar to those present during encoding
Why we Forget
*Failing to encode
- inmeaningful stimuli
- distractions
Decay Theory
After while without retreiving memor, physical traces in nervous system fades
Interference theory
Proactive (past interfere’s with new information)
Retroactive (new information interferes with past information)
Repression
Psychoanalysist - motivated forgetting
Amensia
memory loss typically after trauma - Retrograde: forget prior to trauma - Anterograde: Forget after trauma
Dementia/Alzheimers
impaired memory, cognitive deficits, brain degeneration
-disorder - most common cause of dementia
Primacy Vs Recency
Primacy: tendency to remember intial information (more time to encode, convert to long-term)
Recency: tendency to remember information at end (stay’s in short-term memory)
Episodic Memory
factual knowledge of personal experiences (declarative)
Semantic Memory
factual knowledge of world/general knowledge
Implicit
memory influence behaviour without conscious awareness
Explicit
consciously recall/recognize something - involves conscious/intentional memory retrieval
Shallow vs Deep Processing
perceiving structural properties vs percieving meaning (semantic)
Context dependent memory
easier to recall stimulus if we are in same environment
- state-dependent
- mood-congrugent
Serial Position Curve
recall is influence by location of words in the list - first and last are most easily remembered
Declaritative memory
Factual memory - 2 subcategories
